Housing Legislation and its Legacy
Shaping Pittsburgh’s Hill District
Bodnar, John, et al. Lives of the Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh, 1900-1960, U of Illinois P, 1982, pp. 207–36.
Olmstead, G. Dwoyid. Interior, Children Looking out Window, 1944 Calendar on Wall. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 27. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref16. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Interior with Figures and Dog. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 27. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref33. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Interior, with Toilet. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 23-24. Smithsonian Institution, https://edan.si.edu/slideshow/viewer/?eadrefid=NMAH.AC.0270_ref30. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Interior, with Woman in Background. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 14. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref23. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Man and Woman Hanging Wallpaper. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 21. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref28. Silver gelatin on film.
———. One-Legged Man Drinking. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 11. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref21. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Room with Stove and Bed. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 22. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref29. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Woman Ironing on Kitchen Table While Three Small Children Watch. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 7. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref19. Silver gelatin on film.
———. Woman Washing Dishes. 1944, G. Dwoyid Olmstead Photonegatives, Box 1, Folder 8. Smithsonian Institution, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0270#ref18. Silver gelatin on film.
Pittsburgh Housing Association. “Housing In Pittsburgh: Three Year Report 1931-1932-1933.” The Pittsburgh Housing Assocaation, 1934. HathiTrust, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.li5gf2.
———. “Housing In Wartime Pittsburgh: Summary of Activities, 1942-1943.” 1943. HathiTrust, https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nnc1.ar53625994.
Trotter, Joe William, Jr. Workers on Arrival: Black Labor and the Making of America, U of California P, 2019, pp. 77–109.
Williams, Charles. Gilbert Olmstead, Los Angeles, ca. 1960. 1960, Charles Williams Collection. California State university Northridge, https://digital-collections.csun.edu/digital/collection/Bradley/id/2870. Still image.
Ira de Augustine Reid
Dr. Ira Reid: Haverford College’s Unsung Scholar Activist. Directed by Rel Dowdell, Maverick Movies, 2024, https://tubitv.com/movies/100028125/dr-ira-reid-haverford-college-s-unsung-scholar-activist.
“Dr. Ira Reid Dies; A Sociologist, 67.” New York Times, 17 Aug. 1968, p. 27.
Ira A.Reid Talking to a Group of Students at Haverford College. ca 1965, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/reid-ira-de-augustine-1901-1968/. Still image.
Klein, Philip. A Social Study of Pittsburgh; Community Problems, and Social Services of Allegheny County. Columbia UP, 1938.
Salo, Jessica. “Ira De Augustine Reid (1901-1968).” BlackPast, 30 June 2008, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/reid-ira-de-augustine-1901-1968.
Social Conditions of the Negro in the Hill District of Pittsburgh: Survey Conducted under the Direction of Ira De A. Reid, Director, Department of Research the National Urban League. General Committee on the Hill Survey, 1930, Historic Pittsburgh Book Collection. U of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A00afh9656m/viewer#page/1/mode/2up.
Witchen, Elsie. Tuberculosis and the Negro in Pittsburgh: A Report of the Negro Health Survey. Tuberculosis League of Pittsburgh, 1934.
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)
“‘Covenant’ Crack Down Starts Here: No Mortgages for Hate-Clause Housing After Feb. 15.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 Feb. 1950, p. 1.
Department of State. Act of June 27, 1934 (“National Housing Act”), Public Law 479, 48 STAT 1246, “to Encourage Improvements in Housing Standards and Conditions, to Provide a System of Mutual Mortgage Insurance, and for Other Purposes.” National Archives, 299842. General Records of the United States Government. US National Archives Research Catalog, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/299842.
Fishback, Prive V., et al. Well Worth Saving: How the New Deal Safeguarded Home Ownership, U of Chicago P, 2013, pp. 54–69.
Gross, Terry. “A ‘Forgotten History’ Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America.” NPR, Fresh Air, 3 May 2017. NPR, https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america.
Gutierrez, Maria Paz, et al. “Housing Segregation In Everything.” NPR, 11 Apr. 2018. NPR, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/04/11/601494521/video-housing-segregation-in-everything.
Hillier, Amy E. “Redlining and the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation.” Journal of Urban History, vol. 29, no. 4, 2003, pp. 394–420. SAGE journals, https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144203029004002.
“HOLC Injects Color Issue in Denying Loan in Harlem.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Dec. 1934, p. 3.
Jackson, Candace. “What Is Redlining?” The New York Times, 22 Aug. 2021, p. RE9.
“Major Legislation on Housing and Urban Development Enacted Since 1932.” HUD User, Oct. 2024, https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/GC/documents/LegislationChronology2024.pdf.
Nelson, Robert K., et al. “Residential Security Map Area Description Image: East Liberty.” Mapping Inequality, American Panorama, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=13/40.466/-79.957&city=pittsburgh-pa&area=D8&adimage=3/72.997/-163.564.
———. “Residential Security Map Area Description Image: Hill District.” Mapping Inequality, American Panorama, with ed., https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=13/40.466/-79.957&city=pittsburgh-pa&area=D10&adimage=3/76.619/-149.678.
———. “Residential Security Map of Pittsburgh, PA.” Mapping Inequality, American Panorama, with ed., 1937, https://s3.amazonaws.com/holc/tiles/PA/Pittsburgh/1937/holc-scan.jpg.
Reft, Ryan. “Segregation in the City of Angels: A 1939 Map of Housing Inequality in L.A.” PBS SoCal, 14 Nov. 2017, https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/segregation-in-the-city-of-angels-a-1939-map-of-housing-inequality-in-l-a.
Rotenstein, David S. “Built for White People: The Hidden Racist History of Some Pittsburgh Neighborhoods.” Pittsburgh’s Public Source, 8 Apr. 2024, https://www.publicsource.org/pittsburgh-racially-restrictive-covenants-barring-black-buyers-suburbs-subdivisions-racism.
Rutan, Devin Q., and Michael R. Glass. “The Lingering Effects of Neighborhood Appraisal: Evaluating Redlining’s Legacy in Pittsburgh.” The Professional Geographer, vol. 70, no. 3, Apr. 2017, pp. 339–49, https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2017.1371610.
Silva, Catherine. “Racial Restrictive Covenants History: Enforcing Neighborhood Segregation in Seattle.” The Seattle Civil Rights & Labor History Project, U of Washington, https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/covenants_report.htm.
Social Conditions of the Negro in the Hill District of Pittsburgh: Survey Conducted under the Direction of Ira De A. Reid, Director, Department of Research the National Urban League. General Committee on the Hill Survey, 1930, Historic Pittsburgh Book Collection. U of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A00afh9656m/viewer#page/1/mode/2up.
“The Home Owners Loan Corporation and the Redlining of Boyle Heights.” Jewish Histories in Multiethnic Boyle Heights, 30 Apr. 2021, https://scalar.usc.edu/hc/jewish-histories-boyle-heights/the-home-owners-loan-corporation-and-the-redlining-of-boyle-heights.
United States, Congress. Home Owners’ Loan Act of 1933. 13 June 1933, pp. 1–14, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/home-owners-loan-act-1933-850.
———. United States Code: Home Owners’ Loan Act of 1933, 12 U.S.C. §§ 1462 to 1467 Suppl. 3 1934. 1934, https://loc.gov/item/uscode1934-004012012.
National Housing Act
Allen, Susan. “Bedford Dwellings - Pittsburgh PA.” Living New Deal, 29 Dec. 2019, https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/bedford-dwellings-pittsburgh-pa.
———. “Village Terrace Housing - Pittsburgh Pa.” Living New Deal, 29 Dec. 2019, https://livingnewdeal.org/projects/village-terrace-housing-pittsburgh-pa.
“FDR and Housing Legislation: 75th Anniversary of the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.” National Archives: Frankin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 2016, https://www.fdrlibrary.org/housing.
Graves Jr., Lem. “Spotlight on FHA Bias: Announce Change in Policy.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 26 Feb. 1949, p. 1.
“Home Repair Jobs for Race Urban League Aim: Federal Housing Act Cited as Cause.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 27 Oct. 1934, p. 7.
Leighninger. Jr., Robert. Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal, U of South Carolina P, 2007, pp. 118–35.
Little, Becky. “What Is ‘Redlining’?".” History.Com, 20 Oct. 2020, https://www.history.com/news/housing-segregation-new-deal-program.
“Million Dollar Payroll Passed on Housing Job.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 Feb. 1940, p. 4.
Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Housing Project. 8 Aug. 1940, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.4057645.CP. Still image.
Reft, Ryan. “Segregation in the City of Angels: A 1939 Map of Housing Inequality in L.A.” PBS SoCal, 14 Nov. 2017, https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/segregation-in-the-city-of-angels-a-1939-map-of-housing-inequality-in-l-a.
Thompson, Lisa. National Housing Act (1934). 18 Nov. 2016, https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/national-housing-act-1934.
United States Congress, House. National Housing Act. H.R. 9620, no. 479, 27 June 1934, pp. 1–22, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/historical/martin/54_01_19340627.pdf.
———. National Housing Act, 1934. nos. 73–479, June 1934, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/299842.
———. The United States Housing Act of 1937. no. 412, Internet Archive, 1937, https://archive.org/details/Housingact1937/page/n1/mode/2up.
Bedford Dwellings
“Aroused Public Backs Housing Campaign: Cite Many Evils in Hill Dwellings.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Apr. 1946, p. 1.
Barbour, George E. “U.S. Senate Committee Hears Experts on Housing How It Affects Local Negroes.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 21 Dec. 1957, p. 4.
Barnes, Tom. “Bush Budget Proposals Threatens Hill Housing Project.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 10 Mar. 2003, p. 53.
“Bedford Dwellings.” Places and Landmarks: Old Pittsburgh Photos and Stories. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 30 May 2014, https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/thedigs/2014/05/30/bedford-dwellings/.
“Bedford Dwellings.” Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh, 2022, https://hacp.org/housing_communties/bedford-dwellings/.
“Bedford Dwellings.” Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), https://www.ura.org/pages/bedford-dwellings.
“Bedford HOPE VI Project.” Hill Community Development Corporation (Hill CDC), 2022, https://hilldistrict.org/realestate/bedfordhopeproject.
“Bedford Project Solving Own Recreation Problem.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 Aug. 1941, p. 2.
“Congresswoman Summer Lee, Casey, Fetterman Announce $50 Million to Revitalize Bedford Dwellings and Hill District Neighborhood.” Summer Lee, U.S. House of Representatives (PA-12), 21 July 2023, https://summerlee.house.gov/posts/congresswoman-summer-lee-casey-fetterman-announce-50-million-to-revitalize-bedford-dwellings-and-hill-district-neighborhood.
“’Construction to Start on Bedford Dwellings Next Month’–Hovde.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 4 Feb. 1939, p. 2.
“Cornerstone!” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Sept. 1939, p. 2.
“Describes Upper Hill as ‘Unbelievably Shocking.’” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Oct. 1957, p. 1.
Engelbrecht, Roy, and Charles H. Uhl. Bedford Dwellings, Management Building, 2304 Bedford Avenue, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA. after 1933, Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress, https://loc.gov/resource/hhh.pa3713.photos/?sp=1&st=gallery. Still image.
Harrigan, Philip. “Bedford Dwellings Number 1 in Nation.” The New Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Apr. 1980, pp. 1, 21.
———. “Bedford Dwellings To Be Purged.” The New Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Apr. 1980, p. 8.
———. What Do You Think of Bedford Dwellings?" The New Pittsburgh Courier. 3 May 1980, p. 7.
“Hill Residents Can Purchase New Homes.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 July 1956, p. 7.
“History.” Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh, 2022, https://hacp.org/about/history/.
Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh. “Choice Neighborhoods: Bedford Dwellings/Hill District: First Draft of Transformation Plan.” 2018, https://apps.pittsburghpa.gov/redtail/images/10494_Choice_Neighborhood_Plan_2018.pdf.
“Housing Group Plans Integrated Development.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Jan. 1957, p. 6.
“Housing Project Hailed as Gift of Democracy: Vast Crowd Sees Mayor, Officials Lay Cornerstone.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Oct. 1939, p. 1.
“Hundreds of Citizens Seek Bedford Site Homes.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 Dec. 1939, p. 3.
Jacobs, Joel, and Ashley Murray. “Housing Misery.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 Oct. 2021, https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/crumbling-complexes-homewood-arlington-northview-heights-public-housing/.
“Need, Not Desire, to Be Guide in Selection of Bedford Tenants.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Dec. 1939, p. 5.
“New Homes for Old Shacks.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 July 1939, p. 5.
“No Jobs for Bricklayers.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Oct. 1939, p. 2.
Pittsburgh City Planning Commission. Photo #31. Looking Northwest toward Bedford Dwellings Addition from Cor. of Chauncey St and Bedford Ave. 1953, City Planning Department Library Collection. Pittsburgh City Archives, https://digitalarchives.powerlibrary.org/papd/islandora/object/papd%3A137753. Still image.
———. Photo #33. Looking Northwest toward a Portion of Bedford Dwellings Addition from Cor. of Kirkpatrick St. 1953, City Planning Department Library Collection. Pittsburgh City Archives, https://digitalarchives.powerlibrary.org/papd/islandora/object/papd%3A137751.
“Public Hearings Next Month on Redevelopment.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 May 1955, p. 1.
Rutan, Devin Quinn. Legacies of the Residential Security Maps: Measuring the Persistent Effects of Redlining in Pittsburgh. 2016, https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/30503/1/rutandq_2016.pdf. U of Pittsburgh, PhD dissertation.
Sasaki Associates and Stull & Lee. “Greater Hill District Master Plan.” June 2011, https://www.ura.org/media/W1siZiIsIjIwMTgvMDMvMDIvOGN2NmxnN2NkNl9IRE1QX1JlcG9ydF9GSU5BTC5wZGYiXV0/HDMP_Report_FINAL.pdf.
Simmons, Matt. “On This Day: April 15, 1940, Construction of Bedford Dwellings Is Completed.” WPXI, 15 Apr. 2020, https://www.wpxi.com/archive/this-day-april-15-1940-construction-bedford-dwellings-is-completed/UJZDW2YI7ZHBDHEOEKHEO3TF5Y/.
Social Conditions of the Negro in the Hill District of Pittsburgh: Survey Conducted under the Direction of Ira De A. Reid, Director, Department of Research the National Urban League. General Committee on the Hill Survey, 1930, Historic Pittsburgh Book Collection. U of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A00afh9656m/viewer#page/1/mode/2up.
Tenants Enter New Low-Rent Homes Monday: 32 Families Will Become ‘First Citizens’ of Bedford Village. 14 July 1940, p. 3.
“The City of Pittsburgh. Architectural Inventory for the City of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Planning Sector 15: Hill District and Uptown.” Oct, 2019, https://pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/achitecture-inventory.
“Three Residential Projects of Pittsburgh Housing Authority in Hill District.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 30 July 1940, p. 8.
“Workers on Housing Projects Earn $67,000: Sum Equals More than One-Fifth of Total Payrolls.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 Nov. 1939, p. 3.
Terrace Village
Allegheny County Division of Computer Services GIS Group. Allegheny County Imagery 2010. 17 May 1939, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aerial photograph.
———. Allegheny County Imagery 2010. 31 May 1957, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aerial photograph.
Altwater & Bro. Terrace Village Construction. 29 June 1939, Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:MSP285.B012.F15.I09. Still image.
“City Awaits President’s Visit and Address Today.” The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 11 Oct. 1940, p. 1.
Dedication of the Terrace Village Housing Project, Pittsburgh, PA" First Image. 11 Oct. 1940. FDR Library & Museum, https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390882/53-227%2888%29.jpg/d9f544eb-1d1e-4d24-a9ab-ebe92391b217?t=1465842037195. Still image.
Dedication of the Terrace Village Housing Project, Pittsburgh, PA" Second Image. 11 Oct. 1940. FDR Library & Museum, https://www.fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390882/53-227%2890%29.jpg/7616db9d-2fc7-4256-9d22-4cfb482a6de6?t=1465842037466. Still image.
“Developers.” Hill Community Development Corporation (Hill CDC), 2002, https://www.hilldistrict.org/developers.
Elish, Madeleine Clare. “When Good Intentions Fail: The Fall and Rise of Allequippa Terrace.” The Ellis School, 2001, https://www.theellisschool.org/list-detail?pk=29070.
FDR 1940 Campaign Trip to Pittsburgh. 1940. Michael Kane Archival Footage. FDR Library & Museum, https://archive.org/details/gov.fdr.204.
Historic American Buildings Survey. “Allequippa Terrace, Burrows Street, Wadsworth Street, Waring Court, and Robinson Court, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA.” Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress, https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/pnp/habshaer/pa/pa3500/pa3561/data/pa3561data.pdf.
———. “Data Pages from Survey HABS PA-6222-D. Allequippa Terrace, 429-433 Robinson Court, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA.” after 1933, Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/pa3858.
“Housing Authority Denies Segregation at Terrace Village.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Mar. 1941, p. 1.
“Informal Remarks on the Occasion of the Dedication of the 100,000th Housing Unit, in Terrace Village, Pittsburg, PA.” With Franklin D. Roosevelt, 11 Oct. 1940, Papers as President, President’s Personal File, 1933 - 1945. National Archives, https://catalog.archives.gov/id/197921.
“New Home Site Dedication Set: Ceremonies on Oct. 26 at Terrace Village I.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Sept. 1940, p. 11.
“New Homes Sought for Dispossessed Tenants: Slum Dwellers Caught in Crux of Housing Lack.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 July 1939, p. 2.
Prattis, P. L. “Higher Income Groups in City Find Houses Scarcer & Scarcer.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Sept. 1939, p. 4,.
Race Workers Earn 35,000 on Housing Jobs: Fifty to Seventy Wreckers Work 6 Months for 15,000. 7 Oct. 1939, p. 2, https://www.proquest.com/hnppittsburghcourier/docview/202053027.
“Ruch Hill’s Face to Be Lifted for Terrace Village.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Apr. 1939, p. 4.
“Single Speech by Roosevelt Here Friday: Only Address of Day Is to Be at Federal Housing Project.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 7 Oct. 1940, p. 3.
“Slum Houses Falling Before Federal Units: Eliminations Progressing as Law Requires, Local Authority Says.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Oct. 1940, p. 5.
“Tenants Fill All Terrace Village Units.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 Nov. 1941, p. 6.
“Terrace Village Cited as Unusual Housing Project.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 Dec. 1941, p. 23.
“To Open Second Terrace Village Project May 1.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Mar. 1941, p. 4.
Troan, John. “Families in Low-Rent Project Appreciate Peace and Quiet After Their Life in Slums.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 20 Oct. 1940, p. 2.
United States Congress, House. The United States Housing Act of 1937. no. 412, Internet Archive, 1937, https://archive.org/details/Housingact1937/page/n1/mode/2up.
U.S. “U.S. Approves Housing Bids: Chicago Firm Gets Major Terrace Village Work.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 July 1939, p. 16.
American Housing Act
Allegheny County Division of Computer Services GIS Group. Allegheny County Imagery 2010. 17 May 1939, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aerial photograph.
———. Allegheny County Imagery 2010. 26 May 1967, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aerial photograph.
Blackley, Katie. “Homewood Bound: How a Neighborhood Was Transformed by Disinvestment and the War on Drugs.” 90.5 WESA, 15 July 2019, https://www.wesa.fm/identity-justice/2019-07-15/homewood-bound-how-a-neighborhood-was-transformed-by-disinvestment-and-the-war-on-drugs.
“Developers.” Hill Community Development Corporation (Hill CDC), 2002, https://www.hilldistrict.org/developers.
Elish, Madeleine Clare. “When Good Intentions Fail: The Fall and Rise of Allequippa Terrace.” The Ellis School, 2001, https://www.theellisschool.org/list-detail?pk=29070.
Fitzpatrick, Dan. “The Story of Urban Renewal.” The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 21 May 2000, https://old.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20000521eastliberty1.asp.
“Go Deeper: Where Race Lives.” Race - the Power of an Illusion.” Public Broadcasting Service, 2003, https://web.archive.org/web/20240920012323/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_06_a-godeeper.htm.
“Housing Act of 1949.” American Planning Association, APA, https://www.planning.org/awards/2014/1949housingact.htm.
Jones, Diana Nelson. “Traces of a Lost Neighborhood.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Interactive, 18 June 2018, https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/lower_hill/.
Lang, Robert E., and Rebecca R. Sohmer. “Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949: The Past, Present, and Future of Federal Housing and Urban Policy.” Housing Policy Debate, vol. 11, no. 2, 2000, pp. 291–98, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2000.9521369.
McKenzie, Marjorie. “Pursuit of Democracy: Real Estate People Have No Cause to Act Like Stuck Pigs.” Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Dec. 1949, p. 15.
———. “Pursuit of Democracy: Slum Clearance Usually Has Meant Less Total Housing for Negro Dwellers.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Dec. 1949, p. 15.
———. “Pursuit of Democracy: Urban Redevelopment Offers Stern Challenge To Negro Leadership.” Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Mar. 1951, p. 22.
“Probe Excessive Rents: Survey Shows Race Tenants Pay More Rent.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Dec. 1941, p. 1.
Robinson, Bill. “Can Black Power Survive in The ‘70’s?" The Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Jan. 1970, p. 13.
“Statement by the President Upon Signing the Housing Act of 1949.” National Archives: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, 15 July 1949, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/157/statement-president-upon-signing-housing-act-1949.
United States, Congress. Housing Act of 1949. no. 171, 1949, pp. 1–92, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-10349/pdf/COMPS-10349.pdf.
von Hoffman, Alexander. “A Study in Contradictions: The Origins and Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949.” Housing Policy Debate, vol. 11, no. 2, Jan. 2000, pp. 299–326, https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2000.9521370.