Lower Hill District
An overview of the Lower Hill District in 1920-1957
Bodnar, John, et al. Lives of Their Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh. U of Illinois P, 1900.
Burch, Katie. “Frankie Mae Pace.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Pace_Frank.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” “Billboard Inscribed ’Attention: City Hall and U.R.A. No Redevelopment Beyond This Point!” 1969, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/48e8a97d-8992-45ed-a473-e12e16c83d2c.
Pennsylvania General Assembly. The County Code. P.L. 323, No. 130, Statues of Pennsylvania, 9 Aug. 1955, https://www.palegis.us/statutes/unconsolidated/law-information/view-statute?SESSYR=1955&SESSIND=0&ACTNUM=130&SMTHLWIND=&CHPT=24A&SCTN=&SUBSCTN=.
———. Urban Redevelopment Law. Act. P.L. 991, No. 385, Statues of Pennsylvania, 24 May 1945, https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/LI/uconsCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&yr=1945&sessInd=0&smthLwInd=0&act=0385.
“Primary Source Set: The Great Migration.” Classroom Materials, Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/great-migration.
Richardson, Charles B. Looking Downtown. 1953, Charles Richardson Photographs. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A201310.1953.41.CR. Still image.
Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh (Pa.). Downtown and Hill District Aerial Photograph. ca. 1953, Melvin Seidenberg Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A20191021-hpichswp-0094. Still image.
Civic Arena and Crosstown Boulevard
Apone, Carl. “Happy Birthday, CLO.” The Pittsburgh Press, 27 June 1965, p. 4. Sunday ROTO.
———. “Sound System Not Adequate in Civic Arena: Authority Works On Problem; CLO Choice Of Shows Is Hit.” The Pittsburgh Press, 28 Aug. 1964, p. 10.
“Arena to Replace Worn Out Homes In Third Ward: Less Residents Per Acre in Poorer Districts Is One Goal in Razing Lower Hill to Build Amphitheatre.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 16 Jan. 1954, p. A9.
Balliet, Rachel. “Guide to the Edgar J. Kaufmann Charitable Foundation Photographs, 1943-1967.” Heinz History Center. U of Pittsburgh Library System, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AUS-QQS-msp154.
“County Leaders Support Renaissance Extension: Commissioners, Mellon in Accord On Need for Civic, Official Efforts.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 26 Mar. 1960, p. 1.
Diamant, Rolf. “Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.” National Park Service: The First 75 Years, 13 June 2015, https://npshistory.com/publications/sontag/olmsted.htm.
Evans, George E. “Here Is a Postwar Job for Pittsburgh... Transforming the Hill District.” Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh, Aug. 1943. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, https://web.archive.org/web/20150910130313/https:/carnegielibrary.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/hill/hill_n41.html.
Geo. Wharton Pepper & Howard Heinz, 9/17/23. 17 Sept. 1923, Library of Congress, National Photo Company Collection, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016835750. Glass negative.
Grantmyre, Laura Scott. Conflicting Visual Representations of Redevelopment in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, 1943-1968. 2013. University of Pittsburgh, PhD dissertation.
Gutmann, Martin. “Architectural Brilliance: Falling Water.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/architectural-brilliance-falling-water.
“Kaufmann’s $1,000,000 to Support Auditorium.” The Pittsburgh Press, 8 Feb. 1953, p. 2.
Lorant, Stefan. Pittsburgh: The Story of an American City, Doubleday, 1964, pp. 432–33.
Macken, Shannon. “H. J. Heinz.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Summer 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Heinz__Henry_John.
Moses, Robert. Arterial Plan for Pittsburgh: Prepared for the Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association. 1939. HathiTrust, https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003086728.
Mr_t_77. Pittsburgh Civic Arena. 12 Mar. 2008. Flickr, https://flickr.com/photos/mrt77/2343428739. Photograph.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. Pittsburgh Main Thoroughfares and the Down Town District: Improvements Necessary to Meet the City’s Present and Future Needs. Dec. 1910. Project Gutenberg, https://gutenberg.org/files/49972/49972-h/49972-h.htm.
Reese, Matthew. “The Igloo’s Meltdown.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Summer 2008, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/igloos-meltdown.
Robin, John P. “Urban Redevelopment Proves a Miracle of Faith.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, vol. 26, no. 285, 30 June 1953, p. 20.
Stieglitz, C.M. Sponsor of Battery Bridge / World Telegram & Sun. 1939. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2006675178. Photograph.
Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh (Pa.). Aerial Photograph the Civic Arena and Surrounding Neighborhoods. ca 1961, Melvin Seidenberg Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A20191021-hpichswp-0095. Still image.
Wardle, Lisa. “Then vs. Now: See How Pittsburgh Has Changed since the 1920s.” Penn Live/Patriot -News, 23 Apr. 2017, https://www.pennlive.com/life/2017/04/aerial_pittsburgh_1920s_2017.html.
“What’s Wrong With the Civic Arena?” The Pittsburgh Press, 20 Sept. 1963, p. 26.
Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church
“Bethel AME Oldest AME Church West of the Allegheny Mountains.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 9 May 1987, p. 7.
“Bethel AME to Celebrate 103rd Anniversary: Organized in 1827; On Present Site Since Early in 1850.” Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Jan. 1953, p. 6.
“Billy Graham at AME Meet.” Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Oct. 1952, p. 6.
“Central Business District. Plate 9A.” Real Estate Plat-Book of the City of Pittsburgh: From Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys, vol. 1, G.M. Hopkins and Co., 1923. University of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A23v0109a.
Changing the Face of Medicine: Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson. 3 June 2015, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_172.html.
Dickerson, Dennis C. “The Black Church in Industrializing Western Pennsylvania, 1870-1950.” Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, Oct. 1981, pp. 329–44.
“Dr. Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson.” Changing the Face of Medicine, 3 June 2015, https://cfmedicine.nlm.nih.gov/physicians/biography_172.html.
Gardner, Eric. “Black Print Unbound: The “Christian Recorder.” African American Literature and Periodical Culture, Oxford UP, 2015.
Gates, Henry Louis, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, editors. “Tanner, Benjamin Tucker.” The African American National Biography, vol. 7, Oxford UP, 2008, p. 484.
Gates, Henry Louis, and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, editors. “Tanner, Henry Ossawa.” The African American National Biography, vol. 7, Oxford UP, 2008, pp. 485–86.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Demolition of Bethel AME Church, Wylie Avenue and Elm Street, Lower Hill District. 24 July 1957, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/ec22337b-f4924d83-a0f8-44775c64efc8. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.
“Henry Ossawa Tanner.” National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/artists/1919-henry-ossawa-tanner.
LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance, University of Illinois Press, 2014, p. 7982, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt3fh4h4.
“Mayor Hears Protests: Goode, Hughey, McCoy ‘Pour It On’; Lawrence Amazed by Mass Action.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Apr. 1954, pp. 1, 8.
McCullough, Ashley. “Richard Allen.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2005, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/allen__richard.
“'Mother Bethel’ to Rebuild on New Site: 138-Year Pioneer Church to Move for Redevelopers.” Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Mar. 1956, pp. 1, 12.
“Pittsburgh Conference Reports Over $21,000.” Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Oct. 1952, p. 7.
“‘Police Brutality’ Meeting.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Apr. 1954, p. 21.
Rice, Willa Mae. “Beautiful Bethel AME Church; Beacon of Salvation 168 Years.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Feb. 1976, p. 37.
Tanner, Henry Ossawa. “National Gallery of Art.” www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1919.html.
Whitaker, Mark. Smoketown: The Untold Story of the Other Great Black Renaissance. Simon and Schuster, 2018.
Goode's Pharmacy & Radio Broadcasters
“3 Big Numbers Pools Stricken by Record Hit.” The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 2.
“Achievement Club Cites Six Noted Pittsburghers.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 June 1950, p. 8.
“Baltimore Turns Out For ‘Mary Dee Day.’” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 28 Sept. 1957, p. 9.
Benson, “Little” George. She Makes Me Mad. Groove Records, June 1954. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Oxk6ZRr_M. 45 RPM.
“Brotherhood Awarded of the Baptist Ministers’ Conference of Philadelphia Went to WHAT, Only Local Organization Honored.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 16, no. 26, June 1962, p. 52.
Clark, John L. “Wylie Ave.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 12 Dec. 1953, p. 21.
Cloonan, Patrick. “Goode Tells Family’s Story to McKeesport Audience.” TribLive, 19 Aug. 2013, https://archive.triblive.com/news/goode-tells-familys-story-to-mckeesport-audience.
Davis, Brett. “KDKA: Broadcasting’s Pioneer Station.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2010, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/feature-articles/kdka-broadcastings-pioneer-station.
Garland, Hazel. “First Female Disc Jockey Is Buried in Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 28 Mar. 1964, pp. 1–2.
———. “Things to Talk About: Former Local Girl Makes Good.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 21 Sept. 1957, p. B14.
“George Benson, Guitarist 10, Waxes Records, Returns Home.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 1 May 1954, p. 19.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Crowd Gathered on Corner and Street Outside Studio Dee, WHOD Radio Station, Herron and Centre Avenues, Hill District. 1 Aug. 1951, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/b05a2553-4c58-4cc9-b873-93d167de647a. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.
Hevesi, Dennis. “Malvin R. Goode, 87, Reporter Who Broke a TV Color Barrier.” New York Times, 15 Sept. 1995, p. D17. Obituaries.
Johnson, Earl. “The Sports Whirl.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 12 Dec. 1953, p. 26.
Johnson, John H., editor. “Speaking of People: Top Female Disc Jockey.” Ebony, vol. 5, no. 11, Sept. 1950, pp. 4–5.
Klose, Jason. “George Benson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2009, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Benson__George.
“Long List of National Advertisers Now Buy Negro Radio. WHOD Pittsburgh’s Mary Dee Stands before Display of Competitive Products on Station.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 8, no. 19, Sept. 1954, p. 50.
“Mal Goode Happy Over New Position.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 13 Oct. 1956, p. A1.
“Mal Goode, TV’s First Black Network News Reporter.” African American Registry, https://aaregistry.org/story/mal-goode-the-first-black-tv-network-reporter/. Accessed 21 Jan. 2026.
“Mary Dee Gets Divorce.” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 15 Mar. 1952, pp. 1–2.
Pittsburgh (Pa.). City Photographer. Goode Prescriptions. 15 May 1951, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.5185009.CP. Still image.
Pulse of Pittsburgh Negro Homes. “Advertisement for WHOD.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 7, no. 17, Aug. 1953, p. 85.
Salamon, Ed. Pittsburgh’s Golden Age of Radio. Arcadia, 2010.
Toke, Edward. “WHOD’s Negro D.J.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 5, no. 3, Jan. 1951, p. 98.
“WHOD Advertisement.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 5, no. 15, July 1951, p. 90.
“WHOD Proud of Mary Dee Program--Walk: Leonard Walk, Explaining Dismissals, Says ‘Station WHOD Proud of Mary Dee Show.’” Pittsburgh Courier, City Edition, 11 Aug. 1956, pp. 1–2.
Wooton, Joe. “Advertisement for WHOD.” Sponsor Magazine, vol. 6, no. 15, July 1952, p. 77.
Young, Damon. “Everybody Knew Teenie.” The Atlantic, Mar. 2021, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/charles-teenie-harris-pittsburgh/617789/.
Connelley Vocational High School
“August Wilson Biography and Timeline.” American Masters, 28 Jan. 2015, https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/august-wilson-the-ground-on-which-i-stand-august-wilsonbiography-and-career-timeline/3683/.
Connelley Vocational High School. 29 Oct. 1930, Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:MSP117.B005.F04.I15. Still image.
Drexhage, Robbie. George Benson in Concert. Before 2018. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Benson.jpg.
Effinger, Shannon J. “At 77, He’s ‘Still Trying to Get It Together’: George Benson, Who Has a New Live Album, Talks about Musicians Who Shaped Him.” New York Times, 17 Nov. 2020, p. C3.
———. “How George Benson Turned an Early ‘No’ Into a Career of ‘Yes.’” The New York Times, 12 Nov. 2020. Arts. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/arts/music/george-benson.html.
George Benson in a Publicity Photo circa 1963. 22 Oct. 2020, https://www.jazziz.com/george-benson-to-release-first-live-album-in-30-years.
Gormley, Ken. “George Benson’s Roots in City Run Deep.” The Pittsburgh Press, 2 Aug. 1985, p. C1.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Intersection of Fullerton Street and Webster Avenue with Barber Shop on Right and Connelley Trade School in Background. ca 1930, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/a306c4a0-d0e9-4efc-9371-6e9a7a26f1b0. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.
“History.” Energy Innovation Center Pittsburgh, 4 Feb. 2016, https://www.eicpittsburgh.org/about/history.
Kienzle, Rich. “Guitar Hero on the Hill- George Benson Pens and Illuminating Autobiography Rich in Pittsburgh History and Music.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 Sept. 2014, p. D5.
King, Erica L. Connelley Vocational High School, Pittsburgh. 24 Nov. 2021. Photograph.
Kirkland, Kevin. “George Benson Sings, Swings on a Star.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 Mar. 2016, https://www.post-gazette.com/life/Distinction/2016/03/03/George-Benson-jazz-legend-pop-vocalist-sings-swings-on-a-star-Pittsburgh-Hill-District-music/stories/201603030019.
Klose, Jason. “George Benson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2009, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Benson__George.
Lear, Bernadette A. “August Wilson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2025, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wilson__August.
McConnell, Amy. “For 70 Years, Connelley School Did ‘A’ Work.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 22 Mar. 2004, p. A1.
Myers, Marc. “George Benson Started Out on a $16 Acoustic Guitar: The Singer-Artist Was Performing on a Pittsburgh Street Corner When He Was First Discovered.” The Wall Street Journal, 10 Nov. 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-benson-started-out-on-a-16-acoustic-guitar-11605025216.
Official Website of George Benson. 2023, https://www.georgebenson.com.
“Schools Open Tomorrow in City, County... New Connelley Trade School on Hill to Feature Resumption of Activities.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1 Sept. 1930, p. 7.
Crawford Grill
All-American News. Newsreel. 1945. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2018600172/.
“An Unseen Chapter in the Story of American Jazz: Black and White Pictures Capture the Rise and Fall of the Legendary Music Hangout.” Daily Mail, 29 Apr. 2012, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2137151/Black-white-images-capture-rise-fall-great-American-jazz-bar-The-Crawford-Grill.html.
“Baseball’s ‘Numbers’ Connection.” Sacramento Observer, 23 Aug. 1995, p. 19.
Bias, Bare Barmen’s Union. “Grill Owner Hits Segregated Policy Bartenders Work without Union Representation; Oppose Jim Crow Set-Up of AFL Affiliate.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Sept. 1945, https://www.proquest.com/hnppittsburghcourier/.
“Big Names Flock to Grill No. One.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Sept. 1950, p. 14.
Carelli, Rich. “James ‘Cool Papa’ Bell.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bell__James_Cool_Papa.
“Classified Ad 4: The Crawford Grill.” The Pittsburgh Courier, July 1941, p. 21.
Corey, Joshua D. “Satchel Paige.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Paige__Leroy_Satchel.
“Crawford Grill Historical Marker.” Explore PA History, 2023, https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-68.
Davis, Brad. “Josh Gibson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Gibson__Josh.
“Gus Greenlee & Friend: Bad Break Bushel Their Talents.” The Bulletin Index, vol. 113, no. 7, Aug. 1938, p. 9.
“Gus Greenlee: Owner of the Legendary Crawford Grill and the Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Pittsburgh Music History, https://sites.google.com/site/pittsburghmusichistory/pittsburgh-music-story/managers-and-promoters/gus-greenlee.
“Gus Greenlee’s Crawford Grill to Open Formally Next Tuesday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Jan. 1934, p. A6.
MacDonald, Sam. “Keystone Cuisine: Crawford Grill.” Western Pennsylvania History, 2006, https://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/7706.
Maria, Michael Santa. “King of the Hill.” American Visions, vol. 6, no. 3, June 1991, https://www.proquest.com/publication/publications_1819764.
McKenna, Brian. Gus Greenlee. Society for American Baseball Research, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/gus-greenlee/.
Naccarelli, Sean. “Let’s Learn About: Gus Greenlee.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 11 Feb. 2010, https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/10042/1034920-51.stm.
“Name Contest Winner.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 21 Sept. 1929, p. 7.
Pittler, Alexander Zerful. The Hill District: A Study in Succession. 1930.
Riley, James A. The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues. Caroll and Graff, 1994.
“Scores of Suggestions Make Nameless Cafe Contest Thrilling: One Week Left Hi Send in Best Name and Win Fifty Dollars.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Aug. 1929, p. 7.
Smith, Brady. “Let’s Learn from the Past: The Crawford Grill William ‘Gus’ Greenlee Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 8 June 2017, https://www.post-gazette.com/life/my-generation/2017/06/08/Let-s-Learn-from-the-Past-The-Crawford-Grill-2/stories/201706080058.
Studio, Harrison. “Pittsburgh Crawfords baseball team" postcard.” 1932, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Pittsburgh_Crawfords.jpg.
“The New Crawford Grill Opens with the Repeal Glory in ‘New Ways and Wines’ on Xmas Eve: Gus Greenlee to Present Pittsburgh with Finest Restaurant and Drinking Palace in Western Pennsylvania.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Dec. 1933, p. A6.
“Wylie Avenue Sale.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 5 Aug. 1925, p. 15.
Crystal Barbershop
“Bank Clearings.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 19.
Burch, Katie. “Mary Cardwell Dawson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/dawson_mary_cardwell.
Danver, Charles F. “Pittsburghesque.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2 Dec. 1930, p. 8.
Davis, Bridgett M. “The Daily Lottery Was Originally a Harlem Game. Then Albany Wanted In.” The New York Times, 27 Feb. 2019. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/nyregion/numbers-harlem-new-york-lottery.html.
“Fatal Rap by Stock Exchange Leaves ‘Number” Kings Silent.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Jan. 1931, p. 1.
“Great Guy Is the Name for Woogie in Any Language.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 July 1939, p. 21.
“Gus Greenlee, Pioneer Of Numbers Here, Dies.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 8 July 1952, p. 11.
“Gus Greenlee Pioneer of Numbers Here, Dies: Sports Promoter-Café Owner Had Been Ill For Month in Vets Hospital at Aspinwall.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 8 July 1952, p. 11.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Barbers at Work in the Crystal Barber Shop with View of Crawford Grill No. 1 through Front Door. c 1949, Heinz Family Fund, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/2f4c9eff-c804-4f6a-bcd7-894f149788e4. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.
Heaphy, Leslie A. The Negro Leagues, 1869-1960, McFarland & Company, 2013, pp. 69–85.
“Here Is Pittsburgh’s Most Modern, up-to-Date Billiard Parlor.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Jan. 1941, p. 14.
“’Hunches’ Hit and Numbers Lose: Big Downtown Place Raided Before Pay-Off.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 1.
“Jury Quickly Finds ‘Woogie’ Harris Guilty: Hill Are Man Convicted of Permitting Gambling on His Property.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Feb. 1949, p. 11.
“‘Lucky Hunch’ Strikes at Vitals of Local Numbers Syndicates: Number ‘805’ Bring Woe to Local Barons. Some Flee City While Others Pay at Reduced Odds to Infuriated Players.” Afro-American, 9 Aug. 1930, p. 2.
“Number” Men Are Raided.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 July 1928, p. A9.
“Numbers: A Brawling Decade of the Poorman’s Lottery, Its Characters, Is Caught for a Fortnight on the Wing.” The Bulletin Index, Feb. 1936, p. 16.
“Numbers Racket Growth Rivals Big Business Here: Started Five Years Ago by Two Bedraggled Wylie Avenue Negroes, Who Now Ride Flashy Roadsters, Wear Fine Clothes.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Sept. 1930, p. 1.
“Numbers Racket Menaces ‘Hill’ Real Estate Values.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 26 Sept. 1930, pp. 1–2.
“Racket Grand Jury To Check Club Records: All Financial Statements Are Being Confiscated by County Sleuths for Inspection.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 7 Aug. 1948, p. 1.
“Restaurateur Feeds 700 Homeless Men.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 26 Dec. 1931, p. 5.
Rotenstein, David. “You Can Find Generations of Pittsburgh Black History at the Crystal Barber.” Very Local, 26 Aug. 2021, https://www.verylocal.com/pittsburgh-black-history-the-crystal-barbershop-woogie-harris-harold-slater/.
Springle, Ray. “We’ve Got Your Number!” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 Feb. 1936, p. 17.
“Three Big Numbers Pools Stricken by Record Hit: Million Loss Wrecks Funds of Operators.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Aug. 1930, p. 2.
Washington, Chester L. “Up and Down the Avenue: Reflections from ‘the Street That Starts at the Courthouse and End at a Church’ THE WINNERS!” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Apr. 1939, p. 11.
Loendi Social and Literary Club
“About: Frogs Club of Pittsburgh.” FROGS Club of Pittsburgh, 2019, https://frogsclubpittsburgh.com/about.
Buni, Andrew. Robert L. Vann of The Pittsburgh Courier. Politics and Black Journalism. U of Pittsburgh P, 1974.
Cichon, Joseph M. “Billy Eckstine.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2007, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Eckstine__Billy.
“Elks Plan Bus Trip to Buffalo.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 7 Nov. 1959, p. B4.
Glasco, Laurence. “Double Burden: The Black Experience in Pittsburgh.” City at the Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh, edited by Samuel P. Hays, U of Pittsburgh P, 1989, pp. 69–109, https://books.google.com/books?id=EVxkaw0udDwC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq.#v.
———. “Taking Care of Business: The Black Entrepreneurial Elite in Turn-of-the-Century Pittsburgh.” Pittsburgh History, Winter /96 1995, pp. 177–82.
Gottlieb, Peter. Making Their Own Way: Southern Blacks’ Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916-30. U of Illinois P, 1997.
Harper, Colter. The Crossroads of the World”: A Social and Cultural History of Jazz in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, 1920-1970. 2011, https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7397. U of Pittsburgh, PhD dissertation.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Exterior of the Loendi Club, 83 Fullerton Avenue, Hill District. July 1946, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/9cbb0a19-634d-4e8d-b401-7c068fc0675b?page=1&perPage=10. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.
Kalson, Sally. “Frogs, Started 100 Years Ago by Western Pa. African-American Men, Has Stayed True to Its Original Mission.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 10 Aug. 2010, https://old.post-gazette.com/pg/10222/1078843-51.stm#ixzz1ht3jSiSD.
Lee, Charles Franklin. “Pittsburgh: Civic, Literary, and Mutual Aid Associations.” Organizing Black America an Encyclopedia of African American Associations, edited by Nina Mjagkij, Routledge, 2003, pp. 493–96.
“Making a Way Out of No Way: Organizing for Success.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, 2023, https://www.searchablemuseum.com/organizing-for-success.
Mitchell, Patricia Pugh. “Negating the Nadir ‘The Smoky City’ Newspaper Series as a Forum of Black Perspectives.” Western Pennsylvania History, 2006, pp. 32–47.
“NAACP, Other Groups Win Fight for Relocation Housing in New Kensington.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 May 1959, p. A3.
R.W. Johnston Studios. A Dinner at the Loendi Club, Pittsburg. Aug. 1914, Crisis Magazine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 181-182. U of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, https://archive.org/details/crisis78dubo/page/182/mode/2up?q=. Photograph.
“The ‘Frogs’ Is Top Male Social Club.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Feb. 1962, p. 18.
Trotter, Joe W. “African American Fraternal Associations in American History: An Introduction.” Social Science History, vol. 28, no. 3, 2004, pp. 355–66. Cambridge UP, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0145553200012797.
Waters, Oliver G. “The Smoky City: Part II. Glimpses of Social Life.” The Colored American Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, Nov. 1901, The Colored Cooperative, pp. 11–22.
Wylie Avenue Days. Directed by Nancy Lavin, WQED Multimedia, 1991.
Posey Residence
“102 Years Old: Mrs. Sadie Hamilton Dies in California.” Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Sept. 1960, p. 2.
“(1866) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, ‘We Are All Bound up Together.’” BlackPast, 7 Nov. 2011, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/speeches-african-american-history/1866-frances-ellen-watkins-harper-we-are-all-bound-together.
Afantchao, Iris. “‘Lifting as We Climb’: The Aurora Reading Club Records.” Heinz History Center, 26 Feb. 2020, https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/collection-spotlight-lifting-as-we-climb-aurora-reading-club-records.
Alexander, Kerri Lee. “Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.” National Women’s History Museum, https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/frances-ellen-watkins-harper.
Allegheny County Workhouse. “Register to Include All Prisoners Tried and Sentenced to Hard Labor Books.” Allegheny County Workhouse Records, 19 Apr. 1898, Pennsylvania State Archives, MG-197-BOP-18, Box 65, A1901859.
“Aurora Reading Club Celebrates 125 Years (Debbie’s Lifestyles Dec. 4).” The New Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Dec. 2019, https://newpittsburghcourier.com/2019/12/05/aurora-reading-club-celebrates-125-years.
Belko, Mark. “‘Commodore’ Posey Plied Boats, Ore Trade.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 21 Feb. 1994, p. B1.
Blackley, Katie. “Pitt’s First Black Female Graduate Was a Talented Educator and Civic Leader.” 90.5 WESA, 11 Jan. 2019, https://www.wesa.fm/arts-sports-culture/2019-01-11/pitts-first-black-female-graduate-was-a-talented-educator-and-civic-leader.
“Captain C.W. Posey.” The Pennsylvania Negro Business Directory: Illustrated 1910, Jas H.W. Howard and Son, 1910, p. 38.
Ewell, Thomas S. “The Smoky City: Part III. Social and Business Life.” The Colored American Magazine, vols. 3–4, Nov. 1901, pp. 133–47.
“Frances Harper League Forty Years Old; Gives Party at Parish House.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Nov. 1934, p. 7.
Garland, Hazel. “Clubwomen Played Big Role in Pittsburgh’s Growth: Aurora and Frances Harper Pioneered Among Clubs.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Feb. 1962, p. A2.
———. “Federated Clubwomen End Successful Meet.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 July 1955, p. 11.
Glasco, Laurence. “Double Burden: The Black Experience in Pittsburgh.” City at the Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh, edited by Samuel P. Hays, U of Pittsburgh P, 1989, pp. 69–109, https://books.google.com/books?id=EVxkaw0udDwC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq#v.
Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Group Portrait of Gertrude L. Brooks, Harriet Lewis and Sadie Black Hamilton, Guests of Honor; and Lucy Robinson, Standing in Interior with Light Colored Lace Curtains, Oriental Rug, Chairs and Table with Flowers in Vase for Frances Harper League Event. Oct. 1950, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.cmoa.org/objects/2c2feb21-3744-4c85-aadd-c62a3c2ff9f6. Black-and-white: Kodak safety film.
Johnson, C. Denise. “Jean Hamilton Walls: The First African American Woman to Earn a PhD at Pitt.” U of Pittsburgh Pittwire, 27 Jan. 2021, p. 2.
Johnson, Toki Schalk. “Pittsburgh Women Influence the History of City: Business, Careers of All Kinds Are Recorded Here.” Pittsburgh Courier, Feb. 1962, https://www.proquest.com/docview/202445966.
Mather, Frank Lincoln, editor. Who’s Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Man and Women of African Descent. 1915, https://books.google.com/books?id=RFZ2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3&dq.
“Mrs. Anna Posey.” The Pennsylvania Negro Business Directory: Illustrated 1910, Jas H.W. Howard and Son, 1910, p. 40.
Pennsylvania, General Assembly and House of Representatives. Journal, Part 1. 1899, https://books.google.com/books?id=CnFDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq#v.
“Posey Has Appealed.” Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 12 Apr. 1898, p. 3.
Rawson, Jaime. “Henry Clay Frick.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Frick__Henry_Clay.
Resetar, Nicholas P. “Andrew Carnegie.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2005, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Carnegie__Andrew.
“Residence of Captain C. W. Posey.” The Pennsylvania Negro Business Directory: Illustrated 1910, Jas H.W. Howard and Son, 1910, p. 37.
Smoot, Pamela Annette. Self Help and Institution Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1830-1945. 1999, https://www.proquest.com/docview/304519721. Michigan State U, PhD dissertation.
Thomas, Marcelle. “Frances Ellen Watkins Harper.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2020, https://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Harper__Frances_Ellen_Watkins.
“Tracing the Coal Flats.” Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 9 Dec. 1897, p. 3.
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“Want New Trial.” Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 16 Dec. 1897, p. 3.
Williams, Rachel Jones. “Cumberland Willis Posey Sr., Entrepreneur.” Pennsylvania Heritage, Spring 2010, https://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/cumberland-willis-posey-sr-entrepreneur.
Crawford Bath House
Black, Samuel W. “James A. Dorsey and the Support of Black Sport in Pittsburgh.” Western Pennsylvania History, Winter 2004, pp. 42–45.
Clark, John L. “Wylie Avenue: Pittsburgh.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 28 July 1934, p. 4.
Crawford Recreation Center Baseball Club. 1926. U of Pittsburgh Library System, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F002_I01. Still image.
James A. Dorsey Standing Outside the Crawford Bath House. 1930 1926. U of Pittsburgh Library System, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B001_F032_I01. Still image.
“One Kid Held the Key: A ‘Greatest Moment’: The Black Fives Foundation.” The Black Fives Foundation, 26 Nov. 2007, https://www.blackfives.org/one-kid-held-the-key/.
Ruck, Rob. “Kings on the Hill: Rise of the Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Carnegie Museum of Art, Storyboard, 29 Sept. 2014, https://storyboard.cmoa.org/2014/09/kings-on-the-hill-rise-of-the-pittsburgh-crawfords.
“The Pittsburgh Crawfords Baseball Team Is Formed.” African American Registry, 25 Sept. 2021, https://aaregistry.org/story/the-pittsburgh-crawfords-baseball-team-formed.
Uhl, Lauren. “The James A. Dorsey Story.” Heinz History Center, 21 Feb. 2018, https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/food-fitness-james-dorsey-story/.
Washington, Chester L. “Deep Wylie.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 May 1929, p. 1.