Baseball and Beyond

Introduction

“Baseball Owners Organize League.” The Chicago Defender, 14 Jan. 1933, p. 10.

Calvin, Floyd J. “Sol White Recalls Baseball’s Greatest Day: Early Struggles of Those Who Made Game Possible Is Reviewed.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Mar. 1927, p. A4.

Cap Anson, Chicago. ca. 1870-1919, The A. G. Spalding Baseball Collection. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-c297-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.

Caruso, Chase. “Maurice Stokes.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2010, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Stokes__Maurice.

Currier and Ives. The American National Game of Base Ball [Sic.]. Grand Match for the Championship at the Elysian Fields. 1866. Popular Graphic Arts. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/90708565. Lithograph.

“From Harrisburg.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 17 Oct. 1867, p. 1.

Janis Burley - Voices of History. Directed by PA Humanities, 2024. YouTube, https://youtu.be/w1Lul5Jelg4.

Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York. By-Laws, Regulations and Rules of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York: Organized September 23, 1845. F. F. Taylor, 1845.

Ladson, Bill. “The Negro Leagues: Bud Fowler.” MLB, https://www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/players/bud-fowler.

Moses Fleetwood Walker [Approximately 1884]. 1880, People and Portraits Photograph Collection. Toledo Lucas County Public Library, https://www.ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll33/id/191741. Photograph.

“National Base Ball Convention.” Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 Dec. 1867, p. 3.

Nielson, Euell A. “Octavius Valentine Catto (1839-1871).” Black Past, 2 Nov. 2015, https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/octavius-valentine-catto-1839-1871.

“Pencil Pusher Points.” Philadelphia Tribune, 3 May 1913, p. 4.

Peterson, Robert W. Only the Ball Was White, Prentice Hall, 1992, pp. 34–39.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Wylie Avenue. 8 July 1935, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. University of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.3525374.CP. Still image.

Reed, Harry A. “Not by Protest Alone: Afro-American Activists and the Pythian Baseball Club of Philadelphia 1867-1869.” The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 1985, p. 144.

Rex Racquet Club (1). 1925, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F013_I02. Photograph.

Ruck, Rob. “On the 100th Anniversary of the Negro Leagues, a Look Back at What Was Lost.” The Conversation, 13 Feb. 2020, https://theconversation.com/on-the-100th-anniversary-of-the-negro-leagues-a-look-back-at-what-was-lost-129678.

Schreckengost, Sarah. “August Wilson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2003, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Wilson__August.

Silcox, Harry C. “Nineteenth Century Philadelphia Black Militant: Octavius V. Catto (1839-1871.” Pennsylvania History, vol. 44, no. 1, Jan. 1977, pp. 66–76.

Sol White, Captain and First Baseman Philadelphia Giants. 1907, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-9d7c-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Still image.

Sullivan, Dean A., editor. “Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825-1908.” The Exclusion of African Americans from the NABBP (1867), U of Nebraska P, 1995, p. 68.

Swanson, Ryan, and David K. Wiggins. “Separate Games: African American Sport behind the Walls of Segregation.” U of Arkansas P, 2016, https://muse.jhu.edu/book/47774/.

White, Sol. History of Colored Base Ball, with Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936. U of Nebraska P, 1984.

Wiggins, David K. “Wendell Smith, the Pittsburgh Courier-Journal and the Campaign to Include Blacks in Organized Baseball, 1933-1945.” Journal of Sport History, vol. 10, no. 2, 1983, pp. 5–29.

Wilson, W. “Rollo "Fifty Years of Progress in the World of Sports: Athletes Make Greatest Race Contributions.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 25 Feb. 1950, p. 8.

Negro Baseball League

A Crowd at Schorling’s Baseball Park Enjoying the National Pastime; Home of Rube Foster’s American Giants. De Saible Assoc., 1925, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-4d69-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Still image.

“All Stars and Giants Again.” The Kanas City Star, 18 Oct. 1914. The Donaldson Network, http://johndonaldson.bravehost.com/pdf/00705.pdf.

“Ball and Bat: The National Champions Narrowly Escape Defeat in a 10-Inning Game. Baby Anson and the Color Line…".” The Toledo Blade, 11 Aug. 1883, p. 3.

Black Diamonds: An Oral History of Negro Baseball. With Stephen Banker, 1978. YouTube, https://youtu.be/mK1iWx6JJ68.

“By Popular Demand: Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s -- Drawing the Color Line: 1860s to 1890s.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1860s-to-1890s/.

“Cap Anson.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 May 1886, p. 5.

“Club Owners Invade City for Big Meeting: Changes in League May Be Urged.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Jan. 1938, p. 17.

“Crawfords Join East’s Loop: Greenlee Will Listen to Cum Posey’s Story Civic War Is Entirely Too Costly.” The Chicago Defender, 28 May 1932, p. 9.

Dismukes, Dizzy. “Dizzy’s Dope on Baseball.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 Feb. 1932, p. A4.

“East-West League Moguls Abandon Hope of Survival: Players’ Salaries Stop; Use Co-Plan Collapse of Organization Makes Players Free Agents. Percentage Basis Only Alternative Left as Box-Office Receipts Dwindle.” Afro-American, 2 July 1932, p. 15.

“Form East-West Baseball League: Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Detroit Own West’s Parks.” The Chicago Defender, 30 Jan. 1932, p. 8.

“Greenlee Heads League: Columbus, Detroit Boost Membership to 8 Clubs.” Afro-American, 25 Feb. 1933, p. 19.

Holloway, Wilbert L. “Editorial Cartoon 1.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Oct. 1924, p. 8.

“Hotel ‘Bars’ Jackie in Philly.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 17 May 1947, p. 14.

Husman, John R. “August 10, 1883: Cap Anson vs. Fleet Walker.” Inventing Baseball: The 100 Greatest Games of the 19th Century, E-Book, Society for American Baseball Research, 2013, https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/august-10-1883-cap-anson-vs-fleet-walker/.

Kelly, Matt. “The Negro Leagues: Rube Foster.” MLB, https://www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/players/rube-foster.

“League Chairman Calls Confab of Owners: To Debate Problems at League Meeting.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Jan. 1938, p. 17.

Monroe, Al. “Six Clubs in New League: Crawfords, Grays Both Get Berths. Baseball Owners Organize League.” The Chicago Defender, 14 Jan. 1933, p. 10.

Nunn, William G. “Diamond Dope: Foster Near Death in Indianapolis.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 June 1925, p. 12.

“Owner of the Pittsburgh Crawfords Opens Bag and Spills Dirt on Cum Posey.” Philadelphia Tribune, 25 Feb. 1932, p. 11.

Posey, Cum. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Jan. 1938, p. 17.

———. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Jan. 1938, p. 16.

Posey, Cum, and Gus Greenlee. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 26 Mar. 1938, p. 17.

Rainey, Joseph. “Seven Baseball Players En-Route [sic.] Here Injured When Machine Overturns.” Philadelphia Tribune, 27 June 1929, p. 1.

Robinson, Jackie. “Jackie Robinson Says: Greenberg and Gustine Encouraged Me a Lot.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 May 1947, p. 14.

Ruck, Rob. “Reflections on African Americans in Baseball: No Longer the Vanguard of Change.” Race and Social Problems, July 2021, pp. 172–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-021-09333-4.

Shahn, Ben. Sign on Restaurant, Lancaster, Ohio. Aug. 1938, United States Resettlement Administration. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017731352. Photograph.

“The Negro Motorist Green Book.” Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, https://negromotoristgreenbook.si.edu/virtual-exhibit/.

The Negro Motorist Green-Book. Victor H. Green, 1936. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2016298176.

“Thousands Attend Last Rites for Rube Foster.” The Chicago Defender, 20 Dec. 1930, p. 1.

Tygiel, Jules. “The Negro Leagues.” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, vol. 7, no. 1, 1992, pp. 24–27.

“Using the Sundown Towns Database.” History and Social Justice, https://justice.tougaloo.edu/sundown-towns/using-the-sundown-towns-database/.

“Washington Is Certain to Be in Ball Loop.” The Chicago Defender, 30 Jan. 1932, p. 8.

“Western League Meets; Disbands.” The Chicago Defender, 26 Mar. 1932, p. 9.

“Where the Color Line Is Drawn.” The Sporting Life, June 1895, p. 3.

Wilson, W. Rollo. “Sport Shots Press Box and Ring Side: Glancing Back at the Year 1932.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Dec. 1932, p. A4.

Woodard, William E. The Negro National League Annual Meeting Held in Chicago. 28 Jan. 1922. Wikimedia Commons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1922_Negro_National_League_annual_meeting.jpg.

Young, Frank A. “League Head Calls Meeting for Next Week: Baseball Magnates in Annual Cofab and Election Thursday Next.” The Chicago Defender, 21 Jan. 1922, p. 10.

———. “Lloyd Goes to Connors: Bacharachs Get Famous Shotstop with Roberts and Hudspeth; Petway Manager at Detroit; Foster Re-Elected.” The Chicago Defender, 4 Feb. 1922, p. 10.

Latin American Leagues

Burgos, Adrian. “Playing in the World Jim Crow Made.” Playing America’s Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line, 1st ed., U of California P, 2007, pp. 162–76, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt7zw15k.14.

“Colored Ball Players Face Salary Cuts.” Atlanta Daily World, 22 Feb. 1938, p. 5.

Corey, Joshua D. “Satchel Paige.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Paige__Leroy_Satchel.

Davis, Brad. “Josh Gibson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Gibson__Josh.

“Diamond Stars Go to Dominicans: Probe Asked by Czar of League.” Cleveland Call and Post, 8 July 1937, p. 10.

Hoh, Anchi. “Batting 1000: The Influence of Latinos and Latin Americans in MLB: 4 Corners of the World.” The Library of Congress, 30 July 2018, https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2018/07/batting-1000-the-influence-of-latinos-and-latin-americans-in-mlb.

“It’s Black Magic! Dictator Steals 17 Ball Players: Satchel Page [sic.] Takes Bid to Richer Pastures.” Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 June 1937, p. 27.

“Jumping Ball Players May Be Sent Home: U.S. to Step in and Help.” The Chicago Defender, 10 July 1937, p. 20.

Kings on the Hill: Baseball’s Forgotten Men. Directed by Molly Youngling. Directed by Molly Youngling, San Pedro Productions, 1993. YouTube, https://youtu.be/NcuBu6J2enk.

“League to Act on Players Who ‘Jumped.’” The Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Feb. 1938, p. 17.

Paige, Satchel. Pitchin’ Man: Satchel Paige’s Own Story, Meckler, 1992, pp. 54–55.

Posey, Cum. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 Dec. 1939, p. 17.

“Powwow Over Paige Still Status Quo, Say: Manley and Greenlee Are Not Agreed Over Star Pitching Ace.” The New York Amsterdam News, 16 Apr. 1938, p. 19.

Rafael L. Trujillo Molina. President of the Dominican Republic. ca. -1952 1942, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/ce6b3900-dc1e-0130-67c2-58d385a7bbd0. Photograph.

“Reinstate NNL ‘Rebels’: Season Starts May 15; League Increases Size San Domingans [sic.] Are Fined Month’s Pay Each.” The New York Amsterdam News, 12 Mar. 1938, p. 14.

Ruck, Rob. The Tropic of Baseball: Baseball in the Dominican Republic, Meckler, 1991, pp. 34–46.

Smith, Averell "Ace. ". The Pitcher and the Dictator: Satchel Paige’s Unlikely Season in the Dominican Republic, U of Nebraska P, 2018, pp. 10–15.

“The World This Week.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 26 June 1937, p. 4.

“Two Jailed in Baseball War: League Acts to Check ‘Raids’ Santo Dominicans Jailed Here in Charge of Conspiracy.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 May 1937, p. 1.

Tygiel, Jules. “The Negro Leagues.” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, vol. 7, no. 1, 1992, pp. 24–27.

“Will Call Owners to Meet Here Soon.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Jan. 1938, p. 16.

East-West All Star Game

“Buck Leonard Leads East vs West Player Poll: Contest Is Set for July 27.” The Chicago Defender, 21 June 1941, p. 22.

Carroll, Brian. “‘A Perfect Baseball Day’ Black Press Coverage of the East-West Classic.” Black Ball, vol. 1, no. 1, 2008, pp. 14–28, 122.

Carter, Art. “51,000 See West Upset East, 2-1, in Annual Tilt: Satchel Paige Star of Diamond Classic Buck Leonard Smacks Homer in Ninth for East’s Lone Run.” Afro-American, Aug. 1943, p. 19.

Cohen, Alan. “Negro League Baseball at Comiskey Park: The East-West Game, An All-Star Legacy.” Society American Baseball Research, 2019, https://sabr.org/research/article/negro-baseball-at-comiskey-park-the-east-west-game-an-all-star-legacy.

“Colored All-Star Nines Meet in East-West Game Today.” Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 Aug. 1935, p. A4.

“East-West Classic Set for August 14.” Atlanta Daily World, 30 June 1949, p. 5.

Kaufman, Michelle. Proud of Their Past: Negro Leaguers Found Respect on Rough Road. 23 Feb. 1990, p. D1.

“Malarcher Manages West’s Team: Giants’ Boss to Direct Play in Aug. 26 Classic Fans Demand Choice in Added Vote.” The Chicago Defender, 18 Aug. 1934, p. 17.

Nunn, William G. “65,000 Attend Pageant and East-West Game in Chicago: ‘O Sing a New Song’ Spectacle at Soldier Field Draws Record Crowd of 40,000.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Sept. 1934, p. 1.

“Pennant from a Negro League East vs. West All-Star Game.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, ca 1933, https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2015.80.1.

“Play All-Star Game Here Aug. 26: Fans to Name Best Players in the West to Battle East.” The Chicago Defender, 14 July 1934, p. 17.

Ruck, Rob. The East West Classic: Black America’s Baseball Fiesta." Separate Games: African American Sport behind the Walls of Segregation. Edited by David K. Wiggins and Ryan A. Swanson, U of Arkansas P, 2016, pp. 129–42, https://doi.org/10.1353/book47774.

“Second East vs. West Game Draws 17,928.” The Chicago Defender, 4 Sept. 1948, p. 11.

“Sez ‘Ches:’ 15,000 Thrilled at East-West Spectacle.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Sept. 1934, p. A5.

“The Annual All Stars’ Tile Aug. 23.” The Chicago Defender, 1 Aug. 1936, p. 13.

Wilson, W. Rollo. “Sport Shots: Press Box and Ring Side Landis Hears Baseball Talk.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Sept. 1934, p. A4.

Homestead Grays

“‘A Good Winner and a Poor Loser’ on the Court and the Baseball Diamond.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 16 Aug. 2020, p. D7.

Axelrod, Phil. “After 40 Years, Grays’ Flag Flies High.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 7 Sept. 1988, p. 34.

Ciammachilli, Esther. “How the Negro League’s Homestead Grays Shaped D.C. Baseball.” NPR, 24 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/local/305/2019/10/24/773054699/how-the-negro-league-s-homestead-grays-shaped-d-c-baseball.

Davis, Brad. “Josh Gibson.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Gibson__Josh.

Forerunner of Homestead Grays. 1911 1910, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F005_I01. Photograph.

“Former Homestead Grays Owner, See Posey, Dies.” Philadelphia Tribune, 4 Sept. 1951, p. 11.

“Grays Prime for Crawfords and Cleveland: Cleveland Plays Here Saturday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1931, p. A4.

“Grays to Tour with Davids.” The Chicago Defender, 14 May 1949, p. 15.

“Homestead Grays Plea Will Be Turned Down: Must Get in League–Martin.” The Chicago Defender, 25 Dec. 1948, p. 15.

Lester, Larry, and Sammy J. Miller. Black Baseball in Pittsburgh. Arcadia, 2001.

Moses, Al. “Cum Posey Baseball, Basketball Star, Is All-Time Sports Great.” Philadelphia Tribune, 7 May 1949, p. 11.

Nunn, William G. “Diamond Dope: Jazz Music from the Bats of the Grays.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 25 July 1925, p. 12.

“Royals Split Twin-Bill; Meet Grays Here May 22.” New Journal and Guide, 21 May 1949, p. D14.

“Rufus Jackson, Grays’ Owner, Dies: Funeral Services Slated Wednesday Baseball Club Head in Ill Health a Year.” Afro-American, 12 Mar. 1949, p. 9.

“Seward Posey of Grays Dies: Heart Attack Fatal to Baseball Owner.” Afro-American, 1 Sept. 1951, p. 15.

“Six Eastern Clubs Form New Baseball League: Ben Taylor Traded to Atlantic City for Lundy–Warfield of Hilldale Traded for Jackson of Black Sox.” Afro-American, 19 Jan. 1929, p. 1.

“The Negro Leagues: The Homestead Grays of the Negro Leagues.” MLB, www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/teams/homestead-grays.

“Were Grays of 1945 as Capable as 1963 Bucs?” The Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Aug. 1963, p. C8.

Pittsburgh Crawfords

Carelli, Rich. “James ‘Cool Papa’ Bell.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bell__James_Cool_Papa.

Champions Negro National League, 1935, the Pittsburgh Crawfords. 1935, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/840ba1a1-998f-8fb5-e040-e00a18061d91. Still image.

“Crawford Club Opens Tonight: Colored Team Dedicates Bedford Avenue Field.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 Apr. 1932, p. 19.

“Crawford Giants of 1930 to Be Strong Aggregation.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Feb. 1930, p. 15.

“Crawford Nine Wiill [Sic] Travel in Style.” Afro-American, 12 Mar. 1932, p. 15.

Crawford Recreation Center Baseball Club. 1926, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs, MSP455_B003_F002_I01. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F002_I01. Photograph.

Forsythe, William, Jr. “Crawfords Stretch Winning Streak to Seven Games in Row.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 June 1927, p. A5.

———. “Elimination Game Won by Crawford A. C.: Triumph Marks 25th Victory in Row.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 July 1927, p. A4.

———. “Jolly’s Jottings.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Aug. 1929, p. A5.

“Grays and Crawfords Meet This Evening.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 19 June 1931, p. 21.

“Grays Prime for Crawfords and Cleveland: Cleveland Plays Here Saturday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1931, p. A4.

Harrison Studio. 1932 Pittsburgh Crawfords baseball team" postcard. 18 Mar. 1932. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Pittsburgh_Crawfords.jpg. Postcard.

“Here Are Those Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Afro-American, 27 Apr. 1935, p. 20.

“Jesse Owens Dazzles Louisville People.” Atlanta Daily World, 8 Sept. 1939, p. 5.

“Jesse Owens Far from Broke in Spite of His Bankruptcy Petition.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 July 1939, p. 3.

Jones, Melancholy. “Monarchs Win 3-1; Play Crawfords a BTWHS Today: Jesse Owens Turns Horse Race into Farce with Easy Victory.” Atlanta Daily World, 22 Apr. 1940, p. 5.

Lester, Larry, and Sammy J. Miller. Black Baseball in Pittsburgh. Arcadia, 2001.

McBride, Brian R. “Buck Leonard.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Leonard__Buck.

“Pittsburgh Crawfords and Their Bus.” New Journal and Guide, Apr. 1932, p. 12.

Robinson, Alan. “When Baseball Was Dominated and Domineering: Crawfords May Have Been Best-Ever Team.” Los Angeles Times, 2 Oct. 1994, p. 1.

“Rollo Wilson to Toss Ball Opening Game: Commissioner Will Get Sphere from County Clerk Marinelli.” The New York Amsterdam News, 29 Sept. 1934, p. 1.

Ruck, Rob. Sandlot Seasons. U of Illinois P, 1987.

Unofficial Mayers Will Meet in City: Negro Leaders Open Session Aug. 29. 19 Aug. 1940, p. 7.

Washington, Chester L. “Deep Wylie.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 May 1929, p. A8.

———. “Sportively Speaking: Grays, Detroit in Exhibition Tilt Here Saturday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Apr. 1932, p. A5.

“Who’ll Be Members of Proposed BaseBall [Sic] League? Moguls Ask: Pittsburgh Crawfords Think Team Has Been Ignored from Consideration of Prospective Members.” Afro-American, 26 Dec. 1931, p. 15.

Josh Gibson

“Bears Play Last Home Game of Season, Sunday: To Face Toledo Crawfords; Jesse Owens in Exhibition.” Cleveland Call and Post, 17 Aug. 1939, p. 10.

“Crawford Club Opens Tonight: Colored Team Dedicates Bedford Avenue Field.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 Apr. 1932, p. 19.

“Crawford Giants of 1930 to Be Strong Aggregation.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Feb. 1930, p. 15.

“Crawford Nine Wiill [sic.] Travel in Style.” Afro-American, 12 Mar. 1932, p. 15.

Forsythe, William, Jr. “Crawfords Stretch Winning Streak to Seven Games in Row.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 June 1927, p. A5.

———. “Elimination Game Won by Crawford A. C.: Triumph Marks 25th Victory in Row.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 July 1927, p. A4.

———. “Jolly’s Jottings.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 31 Aug. 1929, p. A5.

“Grays and Crawfords Meet This Evening.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 19 June 1931, p. 21.

“Grays Prime for Crawfords and Cleveland: Cleveland Plays Here Saturday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 June 1931, p. A4.

Harrison Studio. 1932 Pittsburgh Crawfords baseball team" postcard. 18 Mar. 1932. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Pittsburgh_Crawfords.jpg. Postcard.

“Here Are Those Pittsburgh Crawfords.” Afro-American, 27 Apr. 1935, p. 20.

“Jesse Owens Dazzles Louisville People.” Atlanta Daily World, 8 Sept. 1939, p. 5.

“Jesse Owens Far from Broke in Spite of His Bankruptcy Petition.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 July 1939, p. 3.

Jones, Melancholy. “Monarchs Win 3-1; Play Crawfords a BTWHS Today: Jesse Owens Turns Horse Race into Farce with Easy Victory.” Atlanta Daily World, 22 Apr. 1940, p. 5.

Lester, Larry, and Sammy J. Miller. Black Baseball in Pittsburgh. Arcadia, 2001.

Robinson, Alan. “When Baseball Was Dominated and Domineering: Crawfords May Have Been Best-Ever Team.” Los Angeles Times, 2 Oct. 1994, p. 1.

“Rollo Wilson to Toss Ball Opening Game: Commissioner Will Get Sphere from County Clerk Marinelli.” The New York Amsterdam News, 29 Sept. 1934, p. 1.

Ruck, Rob. Sandlot Seasons. U of Illinois P, 1987.

Unofficial Mayers Will Meet in City: Negro Leaders Open Session Aug. 29. 19 Aug. 1940, p. 7.

Washington, Chester L. “Deep Wylie.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 May 1929, p. A8.

———. “Sportively Speaking: Grays, Detroit in Exhibition Tilt Here Saturday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Apr. 1932, p. A5.

Buck Leonard

A.Foster Foto. East-West All Star Game. 8 Aug. 1937, https://baseballhall.org/sites/default/files/styles/header_image_1800_w/public/Leonard%20Buck%202229-78_Act_PD_0.jpg?itok=JqtEXLSV. Photograph.

Carter, Art. “What Makes a Popular Ball Player?: Buck Leonard, Homestead Grays First Baseman, Has the Answer. He’s Idol of Thousands.” Afro-American, May 1948, p. A5.

Cattau, Daniel. “Forgotten Champions.” The Washington Post, 3 June 1990, p. W22.

“Grays Will Hit Camp March 27.” The Chicago Defender, 7 Mar. 1948, p. 11.

Leonard, Buck. Buck Leonard the Black Lou Gehrig: An Autobiography with James A. Riley. Carroll and Graf, 1995.

McBride, Brian R. “Buck Leonard.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Leonard__Buck.

MLB–1934 To 1950–The Story of Walter Buck Leonard and the Homestead Grays of the Negro League. YouTube, https://youtu.be/rByJsoChGwU?si=iZZ7mERNVzrtEE5e.

Pearson, Richard. “Baseball Hall of Famer Buck Leonard Dies at 90.” The Washington Post, 30 Nov. 1997.

Penn, Franklin. “Leonard Tops Batsmen.” Philadelphia Tribune, 4 Aug. 1945, p. 12.

Posey, Cum. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Oct. 1937, p. 16.

———. “Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Oct. 1939, p. 16.

"Cool Papa" Bell

Anapolis, Nick. As Part of Class of 1974, Cool Papa Bell Made History. National Baseball Hall of Fame, https://baseballhall.org/discover/inside-pitch/bell-made-history-in-cooperstown.

“Bell Joins Paige in Hall of Fame.” Chicago Defender, 14 Feb. 1974, p. 36.

Black Diamonds: An Oral History of Negro Baseball. Directed by Stephen Banker, 1978. YouTube, https://youtu.be/b3l8E8to-i4.

Broeg, Bob. “Fast? Cool Papa Could Score from First on a Bunt.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 Feb. 1974, p. 18.

ca, Cool Papa Bell Homestead Grays. 1943, https://i0.wp.com/thisdayinbaseball.com/wp-content/uploads/1991/02/dc9c07w27giy.jpg?fit=564%2C703&ssl=1.

Carelli, Rich. “James ‘Cool Papa’ Bell. Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bell__James_Cool_Papa.

“Cool Papa Bell.” St, https://youtu.be/efxPvcwCsjE?si=X-fPiSH4QJ34Wfz6.

Cool Papa Bell – Baseball Hall of Fame Biographies. Directed by National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, 2011. YouTube, https://youtu.be/AC2c-Nkt8jQ.

“Cool Papa Bell Is Selected for Baseball’s Hall of Fame.” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 Feb. 1974, p. 17.

James “Cool Papa” Bell. 1974. National Museum of African American History and Culture, https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2012.172.21.3. Postcard.

Randhawa, Manny. “The Negro Leagues: Cool Papa Bell.” MLB, www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/players/cool-papa-bell.

Smith, Joel W. “Famed Hometead [Sic] Grays Set for Opener Against Atlanta Black Crackers Sunday.” Atlanta Daily World, 28 Mar. 1946, p. 7.

St. Louis Cardinals: The Movie, 109 Years of Heroes and Highlights on Video Cassette. Directed by Law Miller, With Saint Louis National Baseball Club, 1985. YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on-Y2cWl_ag.

Wilkie, Dave. Cool Papa Bell. 17 Sept. 2021, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/cool-papa-bell/.

Satchel Paige

Banker, Stephen. Black Diamonds: An Oral History of Negro Baseball. With Visual Education Corporation, 1 Jan. 1978. YouTube, uploaded by noochinator2, 30 Oct. 2014, https://youtu.be/mK1iWx6JJ68. Audio cassette.

Baseball Americana: A Game Divided. “Whipsy-Dipsy-Do” Ball. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/baseball-americana/about-this-exhibition/whos-playing/a-game-divided/whipsy-dipsy-do-ball.

“Bears Now Lead Krauts by Big Margin, Uncle Joe’s Bous Still at Bat in Big Inning.” The Titusville Herald, Feb. 1945, p. 5.

Cole, Haskel. “27,462 See Satch’s Team Beat Feller’s: Thompson Homers Off Feller as Sepia Stars Win.” The Pittsburgh Courier, Oct. 1946, p. 25.

Corey, Joshua D. “Satchel Paige.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, 2006, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Paige__Leroy_Satchel.

Durso, Joseph. “Satchel Paige, Black Pitching Star, Is Dead at 75.” New York Times, June 1982, p. 2.

“Feller to Face Satchel Paige in Coast Tour.” Detroit Free Press, Sept. 1945, p. 10.

“Flash—Satchell Paige Returns to Crawfords – Flash: Paige to Aid Craws Pennant Chances Bulletin!” The Pittsburgh Courier, Apr. 1936, p. 4.

Freedman, Lew. African American Pioneers of Baseball: A Biographical Encyclopedia, Greenwood Press, 2007, pp. 119–34.

Greenlee, William A. “Paige Back to Crawfords so He’s a Hero, Not A Bum.” The Chicago Defender, 9 May 1936, p. 13.

Inmates Playing Baseball at the Reform School for Juvenile Negro Law Breakers in Mt. Meigs, Alabama. 1945, Alabama. Reform School for Juvenile Negro Law Breakers Annual Report, p. 12. Alabama Department of Archives and History, https://digital.archives.alabama.gov/digital/collection/photo/id/450/rec/2. Still image.

Jackson, Cleveland. “Headline Action.” Cleveland Call and Post, 26 Oct. 1934, p. 8.

Kelly, Matt. “The Negro Leagues: Satchel Paige.” MLB, https://www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/players/satchel-paige.

LaMar, Lawrence F. “Feller Vs. Paige.” The Chicago Defender, 27 Oct. 1945, p. 7.

MLB The Show 23. PlayStation, Sony Interactive Entertainment, 2023.

Nunn, William G. “Grays Take Series from Kansas City Monarchs.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Sept. 1931, p. 4.

“Paige Meets All Stars in Second Game: San Domingo Team Seeks to Break 1-1 Deadilock [sic.].” Philadelphia Tribune, 23 Sept. 1937, p. 12.

“Paige Outpitches Feller in 8-0 Baseball Win.” Los Angeles Times, 3 Nov. 1947, p. 12.

“Paige Returns to Crawfords: Paige to Aid Craws Pennant Chances!” The Pittsburgh Courier, 25 Apr. 1936, p. 4.

“Paige to Pitch Against Bob Feller Here Oct. 2: Rizzuto Will Be Shortstop Big Name Major Leaguers in Lineup.” The Chicago Defender, 28 Sept. 1946, p. 11.

"Rare Satchel Paige Color Footage: From the Academy Film Archive," YouTube, uploaded by Oscars, 12 Sept. 2012, https://youtu.be/LyjLJ96iFBM?si=KlznOdudnXp0zSUD.

Ray, Bob. “Dizzy Vs. Satchel in Mound Battle Tonight: Paige Arrives and Will Take Mound for Giants Against Dean’s Major All-Stars at Wrigley Field.” Los Angeles Times, 31 Oct. 1935, p. A9.

“Satchel Paige, Ace Negro Pitcher, Signed by Indians for Relief Role: Veteran, Who Admits to 39, Has Faced Many Big Leaguers in Exhibitions -- Once Beat Dizzy Dean, 1-0, in 13 Innings.” New York Times, 8 July 1948, p. 26.

"Satchel Paige IGAS." YouTube, uploaded by Barsen Tone, 8 June 2011, https://youtu.be/LyjLJ96iFBM?si=KlznOdudnXp0zSUD.

Satchel Paige, in the Kansas City Monarchs Uniform at a Baseball Game. circa 1935-1942. between 1935 and 1942, Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2017767772. Photograph.

"Satchel Paige Shuts Out Havana at Age 51." YouTube, uploaded by NBC6 Sports & Original Content, 28 Feb. 2019, https://youtu.be/efxPvcwCsjE?si=X-fPiSH4QJ34Wfz6.

Tye, Larry. Satchel Paige. https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/satchel-paige.

"Smokey Joe" Williams

“52-Year-Old Joe Williams Pitches No Hit, No Run Game.” The Chicago Defender, 8 Sept. 1928, p. 8.

“Age No Barrier.” The Chicago Defender, 10 Dec. 1932, p. 11.

Brooks, Irving. “‘Cyclone’ Joe Williams Signs Brooklyn Royal Giants Contract for 1924: Former Manager of Lincoln Giants to Strengthen Pitching Staff, Composed of Redding. Flourney, Hubbard and Rector.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Feb. 1924, p. 6.

“Chicago Giants, 8; St. Louis, 0.” The Chicago Defender, 1 Oct. 1910, p. 1.

Coates, John M. “Smoky Joe Williams.” Society for American Baseball Research, 24 May 2021, https://sabr.org/journal/article/smoky-joe-williams.

“Cumberland and ‘Cyclone Joe.’” The New York Amsterdam News, 6 June 1928, p. 6.

“Cyclone Joe Williams Signs Up with Brooklyn Royal Giants.” Philadelphia Tribune, 23 Feb. 1924, p. 8.

“‘Cyclone’ Joe Williams Strikes Out 25 in Game.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Apr. 1924, p. 10.

“Diamond Dust: The Chicago Giants Are in Town.” The Chicago Defender, 6 May 1911, p. 1.

“Grays Have Made Great Record as Mid-Season Is Reached.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 July 1927, p. 6.

“Grays to Oppose Northsiders Saturday at Forbes Field.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 May 1925, p. 12.

Harrison Studio. Homestead Grays of 1931, 4-3-31 Colored Champions. 3 Apr. 1931. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1930-31_Homstead_Grays.jpg. Postcard.

“Hilldale Closes Successful Season.” Philadelphia Tribune, 27 Oct. 1917, p. 7.

“Homestead Grays and Cyclone Joe in Harlem July 1.” The Chicago Defender, 23 June 1928, p. 9.

“Homestead Grays Dated to October: The East’s Most Colorful Team Completes Its Schedule to Close of Season.” Afro-American, Apr. 1925, p. A8.

“Homestead Grays Win Hundredth Game.” The Gazette Times, 31 Aug. 1925, p. 10.

“Judy Gans Is Made Manager Lincoln Giants of New York.” The Chicago Defender, 19 Jan. 1924, p. 9.

“Lincoln Giant Fans to Honor Smoky Joe Williams When Homesteads Play in Gotham.” The Chicago Defender, 13 Aug. 1927, p. 9.

“Look Back at Smokey Joe Williams.” MLB, 18 Feb. 2016, https://www.mlb.com/video/look-back-at-smokey-joe-williams-c543489683?partnerId=web_video-playback-page_video-share.

Maher, John. “Seguin Celebrates its Native Negro Leagues Star.” Austin American Statesman, 4 Apr. 2001, p. C5.

National Baseball Hall of Fame. Smokey Joe Williams – Baseball Hall of Fame Biographies. 2011, YouTube, uploaded by National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, 4 Feb. 2011, https://youtu.be/N6qeRM6L_HU.

“Pittsburgh to See Hot Grays.” The Chicago Defender, 1933, p. 8.

“Power, Speed, Skill Make All-America Team Excel: Top Baseball Names Pick Greatest Team.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Apr. 1952, p. 26.

Riley, James A. “‘Smokey Joe’ Williams.” The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues, Carroll and Graf, 1994, pp. 854–56.

Ringo, Kyle. “Smokey Joe Started Career with San Antonio Black Broncos in 1905.” San Antonio Express-News, 17 Oct. 2017, https://www.expressnews.com/sa300/article/Smokey-Joe-Williams-started-career-with-San-12312878.php.

“‘Smokey’ Joe Is Rated Greatest of All Great Pitchers: Experts Declare That He Is Best Negro Pitcher That Ever Toed the Mound and One of Best of Any Group.” New Journal and Guide, July 1925, p. 5.

“Smokey Joe Williams Ill in N.Y. Hospital.” Afro-American, 31 Dec. 1949, p. 17.

“‘Smoky Joe’ Reflects the Spirit of Baseball.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 4 June 1927, p. A5.

“‘Smoky Joe’ Williams Signs Homestead Gray Contract: Veteran Pitching Ace To Be With Local Club During Coming Season.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 13 Feb. 1926, p. 12.

“‘Smoky Joe’ Williams Still Going Strong Despite His 33 Years as Great Pitcher.” The Chicago Defender, 22 Aug. 1925, p. 9.

“The Chicago Giants Base Ball Club: To Take Twenty-Two Thousand Mile Tour.” The Chicago Defender, Jan. 1910, p. 1.

Washington, Chester L. “‘Ches’ Sez: The ‘Great Cyclone’ Signs Up.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Feb. 1930, p. 15.

Young, Frank A. C. “The World of Sports: American-Lincoln Giants Games in New York.” The Chicago Defender, 26 July 1913, p. 8.

Oscar Charleston

“Baseball Players Well Paid, Said Mrs. Taylor.” The Chicago Defender, 26 Jan. 1924, p. 10.

Beer, Jeremy. Oscar Charleston: The Life and Legend of Baseball’s Greatest Forgotten Player. U of Nebraska P, 2019.

Carter, Art. “Crawfords, Monarchs to Clash in Atlanta.” Afro-American, 20 Apr. 1940, p. 21.

“Charleston Elected Captain.” Philadelphia Tribune, Jan. 1932, https://www.proquest.com/docview/531255648.

“Charleston Is Named Manager: Will Handle Pittsburgh Crawfords.” New Journal and Guide, Jan. 1932, p. 12.

“Crawfords Win Over Posey’s 9 for City Title: May Cast Lot with East-West League.” The Chicago Defender, 4 June 1932, p. 8.

Harrison Studio. Crawfords of 1932. 18 Mar. 1932. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1932_Pittsburgh_Crawfords.jpg. Still image.

“Homestead Grays Meet Philly Stars in Akron Night Game, July 27.” Cleveland Call and Post, 19 July 1941, p. 8.

Irvin, Monte. Nice Guys Finish First, Carroll and Graf, 1996, p. 109.

“Oscar Charleston Boomed to Pilot Pitts. Crawfords.” Philadelphia Tribune, 17 Dec. 1931, p. 10.

“Oscar Charleston Sought as Manager.” Afro-American, 19 Dec. 1931, p. 15.

Staunton, Robert. “Toledo Sports.” Michigan Chronicle, 13 May 1939, p. 13.

Thompson, Lloyd P. “Harrisburg Giants Will Bear Watching–Eastern League Race Tightens: Strothers - Charleston Combination Have Developed Bang-Up Ball Club.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 July 1924, p. 7.

Cum Posey

“1913 Baseball Team.” La Vie, vol. 23, Pennsylvania State College, 1912, p. 287. Penn State U Libraries Digital Collections, https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/lavie/id/12929/rec/23.

Abrams, Al. Sidelights on Sports. 23 Jan. 1964, p. 26.

“Basketball Review – 1910-11.” La Vie, vol. 23, Penn State College, 1912, p. 268. Penn State University Libraries Digital Collections, https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/lavie/id/12910/rec/23.

Boyle, Harvey J. “Mirrors of Sport.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 30 Mar. 1946, p. 10.

“Breaking the Color Line: 1940 to 1946.” The Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/collections/jackie-robinson-baseball/articles-and-essays/baseball-the-color-line-and-jackie-robinson/1940-to-1946.

“Clark Answers Posey’s Charges.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 2 June 1934, p. 7.

Cohn, Bob. “Basketball Icon Posey Selected to Hall of Fame...” Pittsburgh Tribune - Review, 4 Apr. 2016, https://www.proquest.com/docview/1778359520.

Courier Newsroom. “Black Fives NY Exhibit Highlights Monticello Athletic Club, Cum Posey, Jr.” The New Pittsburgh Courier, Mar. 2014, https://newpittsburghcourier.com/2014/03/11/black-fives-ny-exhibit-highlights-monticello-athletic-club-cum-posey-jr/.

“Cum Posey Memorial Game for Pittsburgh.” New York Amsterdam News, 2 Aug. 1947, p. 11.

“Cum Posey’s Pointed Paragraphs.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 28 Mar. 1936, p. 5.

“Cumberland Posey.” African American Chronicles: Black History at Penn State, 2010, https://www.blackhistory.psu.edu/timeline/cum_posey_jr._first_colored_student_athlete.

Farrell, Matthew D. “‘Cyclone/Smokey Joe’ Williams.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Summer 2008, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Williams__Smokey_Joe.

“Former Nittany Lion Cumberland Posey Elected to Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.” Penn State News, 14 Apr. 2016, https://www.psu.edu/news/athletics/story/former-nittany-lion-cumberland-posey-elected-naismith-basketball-hall-fame.

“Freshman-Sophomore Basketball Game.” La Vie, vol. 22, Pennsylvania State College, 1911, p. 288. Penn State U Libraries Digital Collections, https://digital.libraries.psu.edu/digital/collection/lavie/id/8760/rec/22.

Gibson, Bill. “Hear Me Talkin’ to Ya.” Afro-American, 11 June 1932, p. 14.

Harrison Studio. Homestead Grays of 1931, 4-3-31 Colored Champions" Postcard. 3 Apr. 1931. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1930-31_Homstead_Grays.jpg. Still image.

Heaphy, Leslie. "Ethel Posey. Bittersweet Goodbye: The Black Barons, the Gray, and the 1948 Negro League Words Series. Edited by Frederick C. Bush and Bill Nowlin, Society for American Baseball Research, 2017, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/ethel-posey/.

Holzman, Alex. “By Rob Ruck. Sandlot Season: Sport in Black Pittsburgh.” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, vol. 57, no. 3, 1990, pp. 288–90.

Homestead Grays, Forerunner. “U of Pittsburgh Library System.” Historic Pittsburgh, 1911 1910, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F005_I01.

“Homestead Grays Play the A. B. C.s.” The Chicago Defender, 15 June 1918, p. 12.

Mackey, Jason. “The Storied Men Behind the Grays and Crawfords.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 24 Oct. 2021, p. B1.

McKenna, Brian. Cum Posey." Bittersweet Goodbye: The Black Barons, the Gray, and the 1948 Negro League Words Series, edited by Frederick C. Bush and Bill Nowlin, Society for American Baseball Research, 2017, pp. 320–24, https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/cum-posey/.

McManamon, Pat. “The Black Trailblazer Who’s the Only Member of the Baseball and Basketball Halls of Fame.” History.com, https://history.com/news/cumberland-posey-negro-league-baseball-basketball.

“Monticello 24, and Howard 19: Pittsburgh Shooters Are Now World’s Champion Colored Basketball Players.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Mar. 1912, p. 1.

“Monticello Athletic Association.” Black Fives, 14 Mar. 2022.

Monticello Basketball Team. 1913 1911, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B003_F010_I03. Photograph.

Moses, Al. “Cum Posey Baseball, Basketball Star, Is All-Time Sports Great.” Philadelphia Tribune, 7 May 1949, p. 11.

Nesbitt, Stephen J. “"Former Duquesne, Penn State Athlete Cumberland Posey Elected to Basketball Hall of Fame.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 5 Apr. 2016, p. 1.

“New Men at Tech: Grafton, Formerly of Annapolis.” The Gazette Times, 6 Oct. 1911, p. 9.

Overmyer, Jim. Cum Posey of the Homestead Grays: A Biography of the Negro Leagues Owner and Hall of Famer. McFarland, 2020.

Polk’s Homestead City Directory. R.L. Polk, 1927, p. 505.

Posey, Cum. “Posey Answers Clark on League and Grays.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 29 July 1933, p. A5.

———. “"Uniontown Fans Protest ‘Jim Crow’ Ruling at Game: AN OPEN LETTER.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 Jan. 1926, p. 13.

Riley, James A. “Cum Posey.” The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues, Carroll and Graf, 1994, pp. 636–38.

Ruck, Rob. Sandlot Seasons: Sports in Black Pittsburgh. U of Illinois P, 1987.

Sneddon, Michele. “Cumberland Posey, Jr.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 Aug. 2013, p. E5.

Taylor, Shakeia. “Cumberland Posey.” MLB, 2020, https://www.mlb.com/history/negro-leagues/players/cumberland-posey.

“Tribute to Cum Posey.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 26 Jan. 1952, p. 17.

Washington, Ches. “Sports World Pays Final Tribute to Cum Posey.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Apr. 1946, p. 27.

Washington, Jesse. “Splash and Cash: The Legend of Old-School Baller Cumberland Posey.” Andscape, 7 Sept. 2016, https://andscape.com/features/cumberland-posey-only-person-in-basketball-and-baseball-halls-of-fame/.

Waters, Oliver G. “The Smoky City: Part II. Glimpses of Social Life.” The Colored American Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, Nov. 1901, pp. 11–22.

“Were Grays of 1945 as Capable as 1963 Bucs?” The Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Aug. 1963, p. C8.

Whitaker, Mark. Smoketown: The Untold Story of the Other Great Black Renaissance. Simon and Schuster, 2018.

“Widow Gets Grays’ Share.” Uniontown Morning Herald, 12 Apr. 1946, p. 52.

Williams, Rachel Jones. “Cumberland Willis Posey Sr., Entrepreneur.” Pennsylvania Heritage, Spring 2010, https://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/cumberland-willis-posey-sr-entrepreneur.

Vic Harris

“Baltimore, Chicago in NAL Playoffs: Titular Series to Open Friday in Elites’ Park.” Afro-American, 17 Sept. 1949, p. A15.

“Crawfords Leave for South March 25 With 21 Men.” New Journal and Guide, 24 Mar. 1934, p. A13.

Elander Victor “Vic” Harris, Manager, Homestead Grays. ca 1947. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vic_Harris.jpg.

Harris, Vic, and John Holway. “Vic Harris Managed Homestead Grays: Editor’s Note.” New Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Mar. 1975, p. 2.

Harrison Studio. Homestead Grays of 1931, 4-3-31 Colored Champions. 3 Apr. 1931. Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1930-31_Homstead_Grays.jpg. Postcard.

“Homestead Grays Dated to October: The East’s Most Colorful Team Completes Its Schedule to Close of Season.” Afro-American, 18 Apr. 1925, p. A8.

“Indianapolis Clowns Win Over Birmingham Black Barons, 7-2: Harry Butts Limits Barons to Three Hit in Game Here Thursday.” Atlanta Daily World, 21 Apr. 1950, p. 7.

Johnson, Earl. “The Sports Whirl.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 Mar. 1953, p. 31.

Mackey, Jason. “Vic Harris Has Gone Largely Unknown.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 6 Feb. 2022, p. B10.

Moses, Al. “Cum Posey Baseball, Basketball Star, Is All-Time Sports Great.” Philadelphia Tribune, 7 May 1949, p. 11.

Nunn, William G. “Grays Take Series from Kansas City Monarchs.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Sept. 1931, p. A4.

Smith, Joel W. “Famed Hometead [sic.] Grays Set for Opener Against Atlanta Black Crackers Sunday.” Atlanta Daily World, 28 Mar. 1946, p. 7.

Vic Harris. 1940, Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection, John W. Mosley photographs. Temple University Libraries, https://digital.library.temple.edu/digital/collection/p15037coll17/id/128. Still image.

YMCA

Bamberg, Angelique. “Centre Avenue YMCA. Draft.” National Register of Historic Places, 29 Sept. 2020. United States Department of the Interior, https://apps.pittsburghpa.gov/redtail/images/12823_Centre_Avenue_YMCA.pdf.

“Capicity [Sic] Crowd to Hear Hamilton Fish at ‘Y’: To Speak at YMCA Sunday, April 20.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Apr. 1941, p. 2.

“Centre Ave. ’YMCA Will Open Christmas Week.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 20 Dec. 1941, p. 1.

Centre Avenue Y.M.C.A. ca. 1922-1930, Urban League of Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:8111.53401.UL. Still image.

“‘Delinquency’ Youth Forum Topic at ‘YM.’" The Pittsburgh Courier.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Apr. 1950, p. 16.

Forsythe, William, Jr. “A. Philip Randolph to Speak at ‘Y’ Sunday.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Sept. 1927, p. 7.

Gannon, Joyce. “Historic YMCA Partners Up for Rehab Hill District Branch Will Transition into New Housing Facility as Part of $7 Million Renovation.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Oct. 2018, p. D1.

Hill, Robert. “John Woodruff Was Pitts First Olympic Gold Medalist.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 15 June 2021, p. A13.

“Hughes Slated for Talk Here.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Mar. 1946, p. 3.

Johnson, Franklin P. “Big Effort Made to Aid the Young Men: The Story of the Christian Association Work.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 13 Dec. 1912, p. 1.

Jones, Elizabeth. “Society.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 Dec. 1911, p. 5.

Jones, Julia B. “New Y.M.C.A. Dedicated with Impressive Ceremonies: Dr. Mooreland Tells Aim of Organization Magnificent Structure.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 6 Oct. 1923, p. 1.

Joseph A. Centre Avenue Y.M.C.A. 11 Nov. 2012. Flickr, https://www.flickr.com/photos/josepha/8500854296.

“Leaders Urge Federal Job Law: ‘Fair Employment Methods Should Be Compulsory Under the Law,’ Will Maslow, FEPC Field Director, Says in Speech at YMCA.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Feb. 1945, p. 1.

“Local Black Association Records. Local Promotional Materials, 1888-1939, 1942-1943, 1946.” 1946, Kautz Family YMCA Archives, Box 8, Folder 5. U of Minnesota Libraries, https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll353:7080.

Mjagkij, Nina. Light in the Darkness: African Americans and the YMCA, 1852-1946. UP of Kentucky, 1994, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232565393.pdf. African American Studies 30.

“New $250,000 Y.M.C.A. Building to Open in Hill District.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 22 Sept. 1923, p. 1.

“Notice: To All Subscribers to the Y.M.C.A. Building Fund.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Apr. 1911, p. 2.

Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania Colored Men’s Branch YMCA Fundraising Campaign. U of Minnesota Libraries, 1916, https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll261:561.

Serken, Andrew. “Cumberland Willis Posey.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Posey_Cumberland_Willis.

Service Bain News. Julius Rosenwald. ca. 1920. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2014706782/.

Smith, Wendell. “The ‘Y’ Is A Symbol of Democracy – Join Now!: It Guides the Youth and Guarantees the Future of America These Men Are Insisting on A Victorious Campaign!” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Oct. 1941, p. 3.

The City of Pittsburgh. “Architectural Inventory for the City of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Planning Sector 15: Hill District and Uptown.” Oct. 2019, https://pittsburghpa.gov/dcp/achitecture-inventory.

Wehrs, Avery. “Frank Bolden.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bolden_Frank.

“Y. M. C. A. Branch Has Its Formal Opening.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 17 Feb. 1912, p. 1.

“Y. M. C. A. Notes.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 7 Oct. 1911, p. 4.

YMCA, Centre Avenue, and Pennsylvania ca Pittsburgh. 1920, https://umedia.lib.umn.edu/item/p16022coll261:1066.

Central Amusement Park

Bamberg, Angelique. “Architecture Around Us: Louis A.S. Bellinger, Architect, and the Forgotten Baseball Parks of the Hill District.” Western Pennsylvania History, Winter 2019, pp. 18–20.

“Band Concerts to Be Given at Central Park.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 June 1923, p. 2.

“Cub X Giants Re Open Central Park Saturday: Former Home of Keystones Have Been Remodeled. Big League Clubs May Be Seen in Action.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 June 1923, p. 7.

Graves, Makenna. “Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bellinger_Louis.

Nunn, William G. “Diamond Dope: Lean Days Are Upon Us.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 27 June 1925, p. 12.

“Pgh. Area Has Rich Heritage in Baseball.” Pittsburgh Courier, 24 Feb. 1962, p. A28.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Chauncey Street. 11 May 1916, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.16824.CP. Still image.

“Plan New Baseball Park Here.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 July 1931, p. A4.

“‘Rags’ Roberts to Pilot Sell Hall’s Giants: Keystone Ball Park Obtained for Club—New Grandstand to Be Built.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Mar. 1924, p. 6.

“Right Off the Bat.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 June 1923, p. 6.

Rotenstein, David S. “Did History Overlook the First Black-Owned Pro Sports Stadium?” NEXTpittsburgh, 9 Feb. 2023, https://nextpittsburgh.com/pittsburgh-for-all/did-history-overlook-the-real-first-black-owned-stadium.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Stabilization Conservation Service. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 5-17-39, APS 7-77. Aerial photograph. 17 May 1939. Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access, https://maps.psiee.psu.edu/ImageryNavigator.

“West Oakland, Terrace Village. Plate 22B.” Real Estate Plat-Book of the City of Pittsburgh: From Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys, vol. 1, G. M. Hopkins and Co., 1923. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A23v0122b.

Washington Park

Aerial View of Downtown. 20 Sept. 1931, Aerial Photographs of Pittsburgh. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A886.15002.AP. Still image.

Burch, Katie. “Frankie Mae Pace.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Pace_Frankie.

“Gov. Wolf Celebrates Infrastructure Investments at Ribbon Cutting for I-579 CAP Park.” Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 22 Nov. 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20220628154743/https://www.governor.pa.gov/newsroom/gov-wolf-celebrates-infrastructure-investments-at-ribbon-cutting-for-i-579-cap-park/.

Hare, Clyde. Bigelow Boulevard and Bedford Hill. 1935, Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP285.B010.F23.I01.

“Huge Two-Day Fun Fest Planned for Children: Parents Urged to Help Children to Participate.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 12 Aug. 1939, p. 14.

Hughey, Robert. “Sandlot Teams Primed for Big Sandlot Ball Tournament.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Aug. 1939, p. 15.

Johnson, Earl. “Sports Whirl.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 29 July 1950, p. 31.

“Out-Door Gymnasium - Washington Park.” The Playground, vol. 3, no. 2, May 1909, p. 36.

Pennsylvania General Assembly. Act 210: Coal Mines, Labor by Minors Regulated. 210, no. 375, 1 May 1909, https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/LI/uconsCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&yr=1909&sessInd=0&smthLwInd=0&act=0210.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Washington Playground. 1 Aug. 1934, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.3421025.CP. Still image.

“Playgrounds Open: Five Turned Over to Use of Children Under 10 Years Old.” The Gazette Times, 2 Mar. 1915, p. 8.

“Progress in Pittsburgh.” The Playground, vol. 3, no. 2, May 1909, pp. 31–37.

“Two Days of Fun Planned for Children by Local Agencies: Kay Club, Booster Club, Y.M.C.A., Crawford Center, Ebenezer, Others, to Join in Gala Funfest for Kiddies August 18-19.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 5 Aug. 1939, p. 14.

Wesson, Stephen. “How the Playground Movement Made a Case for Play.” Library of Congress Blogs, May 2018, https://blogs.loc.gov/teachers/2018/05/how-the-playground-movement-made-a-case-for-play.

Ammon Recreation Center

“Ammon Center’s New Pool Open To Public.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 June 1941, p. 5.

Ammon, Mrs. Samuel (Elizabeth). “How to Secure a Playground.” Charities and the Commons, Aug. 1907, pp. 514–18.

Ammon Recreation Center Exterior. 1960 1940, Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B002_F058_I01.

Ammon Recreation Center-Bedford Avenue. July 1955, Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs. Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP285.B020.F15.I04.

Beale, Harry. “On the Sandlots.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 25 Aug. 1928, p. A6.

Blacik, Samuel W. “James A. Dorsey and the Support of Black Sport in Pittsburgh.” Western Pennsylvania History, Winter 2004, pp. 42–45.

“Citizens Ask Mayor Scully for Action on Hill Playgrounds.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 Jan. 1941, p. 1.

“City Police Instructed to ‘Protect’ Negroes Who Go to Highland Park Swimming Pool.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 24 June 1933, p. 1.

“City to Trade Land in Deal Over Housing: Council Is Ready to Trade Ammon Playground to Authority.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 23 Nov. 1938, p. 26.

“Community Council Ask Added Relief.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 9 Jan. 1941, p. 7.

“Death Summons Woman Patriot and Civic Leader.” The Gazette Times, 10 Sept. 1919, p. 12.

“Deny Segregation at Highland Park Pool, but Negroes Are Beaten While Cops Look On.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 8 Aug. 1931, p. 1.

“Directors of New Community Center.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 1 Feb. 1941, p. 3.

“Grave Deficiency Noted Here in Recreational Facilities.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Feb. 1941, p. 12.

Hanmer, Lee F. First Steps in Organizing Playgrounds. Charities Publication Committee, 1908, https://www.loc.gov/item/tmp96026368.

“’Highland Park Pool for Everybody’—Kline; Promises Protection: Protection Promised by Mayor Kline After Half-Hour Conference.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 29 Aug. 1931, p. 1.

“Hill Area Wins Right for Two Playgrounds.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 10 June 1940, p. 3.

“Hill Community Council to Meet This Afternoon.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 3 Jan. 1941, p. 4.

James, A. Dorsey with the Staff of the Ammon Recreation Center. Ca. U of Pittsburgh Library System, 1940, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3AMSP455_B001_F029_I03.

Janis Burley - Voices of History. Directed by PA Humanities, 2024. YouTube, https://youtu.be/w1Lul5Jelg4.

“Official – Pittsburgh: No. 583.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 25 Nov. 1940, p. 17.

“Officials Speed ‘War’ on Slums in City, County: Boundary Is Bared for Big Project in Hill Area.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1 Oct. 1938, p. 1.

Old Block House, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1902, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-a7f5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. Postcard.

“Park Movies Attract 65,000: Final Program of Year Given at Five Places.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 16 Sept. 1929, p. 2.

“Park Pool Becomes Political Issue: No Swimming, No Votes, Edict.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 Aug. 1931, p. 2.

“Part of the Remains of Fort Pitt, Sketched in January, 1854.” 1858, The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47db-1829-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.

Pittsburgh (Pa.) City Photographer. Diving into the Pool. 1958, Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2000. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.58104346.CP. Still image.

Roberts, Thomas P. “Letter to Edith Darlington Ammon.” 18 Aug. 1911, Darlington Family Papers. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A31735051659542.

“Start ‘Learn to Swim’ Lessons at Pools Saturday: Learn to Swim Getting Acquainted.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 15 July 1950, p. 7.

“Terrell Law Club Goes to Council on Highland Park Case: Council Hears Pool Complaint; Relief Sought 2 Men Beaten; Treated at Hospital.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 16 July 1932, p. 1.

Thomas, Jos. “On the Pool.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 30 July 1932, p. A2.

“To Dedicate Ammon Center Monday Night.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 25 Jan. 1941, p. 1.

“What Is the City Going to Do This Year?... For Three Years Council Has Ignored Plea for Ammon Playground.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 19 Apr. 1941, p. 3.

Wiltse, Jeff. “American’s Swimming Pools Have a Long, Sad, Racist History.” Washington Post, 10 June 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/06/10/americas-swimming-pools-have-a-long-sad-racist-history.

Greenlee Field

Alger, Fred P. “All Goals Scored in Last Fifteen Minutes of Play.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 23 Jan. 1933, p. 13.

“Bedford Dwellings. Plate 30 A.” Real Estate Plat-Book of the City of Pittsburgh: From Official Records, Private Plans and Actual Surveys, vol. 1, G.M. Hopkins & Co, 1923. U of Pittsburgh, https://digital.library.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A23v0130a.

“Brovelli Is Back in Pirate Fold.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 Sept. 1934, p. 15.

Carroll, Brian. When to Stop the Cheering? The Black Press, the Black Community, and the Integration of Professional Baseball, Routledge, 2006, pp. 69–87.

Clark, John L. “The Rise and Fall of Greenlee Field.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Dec. 1938, p. 17.

———. “Wylie Avenue: Pittsburgh.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 26 Jan. 1935, p. 6.

“Cleveland and Barons Meet Crawfords Here: Sox, Then Barons Midnite [sic.] Game Set.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 Aug. 1934, p. A5.

“Courier ‘Chief’ in Action.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 7 May 1932, p. A5.

“Crawford Club Opens Tonight: Colored Team Dedicates Bedford Avenue Field.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 29 Apr. 1932, p. 19.

“Crawfords Reception Next Week.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 Apr. 1932, p. 5.

“Get Greenlee Field Ready for Baseball.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 12 Apr. 1933, p. 16.

Gibson, Bill. “Hear Me Talkin’ to Ya.” Afro-American, 14 Sept. 1935, p. 21.

“Gleanings from Greenlee Field: The New and Spacious Arena for Fistic Gladiators.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 11 July 1932, p. A4.

Graves, Makenna. “Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Spring 2022, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Bellinger_Louis.

“Grays and Cleveland Meet at N. Braddock.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 May 1932, p. 15.

“Grays Meet Crawfords in Game Under Lights.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 31 May 1933, p. 17.

“Greenlee Ball Park Preps for Opener.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 Apr. 1932, p. A5.

“Greenlee Field Data Released.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 July 1932, p. A4.

“Greenlee Field!: Housing Authority to Buy Ballpark for Low-Priced Housing Project; Offer $50,000.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 23 July 1938, p. 6.

“Greenlee Field Installs Lights.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Sept. 1932, p. A5.

Harris, Charles “Teenie.” Baseball Game, Possibly the Baltimore Elite Giants Playing at Greenlee Field. ca 1945, Teenie Harris Photographs. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A2001.35.2223. Still image.

———. Baserunner, Possibly Homestead Grays Baseball Player, Approaching Home Plate While Catcher, Uniform No. 2, Awaits Throw, during Baseball Game at Greenlee Field. ca 1938, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/255b925c-11b2-446f-9cb3-cf1466849a34. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.

———. Homestead Grays Fielder Catching Baseball in Front of Second Basemen, during Baseball Game at Greenlee Field. ca 1938, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Museum of Art, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/0341e436-72b1-40f9-8fca-43448ee8432f. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.

———. Spectators, Possibly Including Esther and Eileen McPhierson Seated in First Row, at Baseball Game at Greenlee Field. 1938, Heinz Family Fund. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, https://collection.carnegieart.org/objects/bbaa5f98-fdbe-411a-98af-4b2df52207a9. Black-and-white: Agfa safety film.

“Here They Are–Pittsburgh’s Pro Pirates All Set for Action.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 Sept. 1933, p. 17.

Klavon, Jacqueline E. “Arthur ‘The Chief’ Rooney.” Literary and Cultural Heritage Maps of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Fall 2007, https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Rooney_Arthur.

“League Teams Set for Openers: Free Ford, Season Passes Offered at Greenlee Field.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 9 May 1936, p. A4.

“Local Pro Eleven Buys Jess Quatse: Former Pitt Star Obtained from Packers.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 28 Nov. 1933, p. 16.

Mackey, Jason. “Appreciating the Negro Leagues Legacies of Cumberland Posey and Gus Greenlee.” TCA Regional News, 22 Oct. 2021, https://www.proquest.com/docview/2584261090.

“Officials Speed ‘War’ on Slums in City, County: Boundary Is Bared for Big Project in Hill Area.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 1 Oct. 1938, p. 1.

“Pirates Drill for New York at Greenlee.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 16 Sept. 1935, p. 18.

“Plan New Baseball Park Here.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 18 July 1931, p. A4.

Posey, Cum. “Ricks, Jenkins, Cooper on Posey’s All-Time Quint: Posey’s Points.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 10 Dec. 1938, p. 17.

“Rival Calls Posey "Wrecker: Accuses Posey of Trying to Knife Craws Points Out That Craws and Grays Have Home Games Same Day.” Philadelphia Tribune, 16 Apr. 1936, p. 13.

“Rooney to Seek Pro Franchise.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 4 May 1933, p. 14.

Ruck, Rob. Sandlot Seasons: Sports in Black Pittsburgh. U of Illinois P, 1987.

Strecker, Geri Driscoll. “The Rise and Fall of Greenlee Field.” Black Ball: A Negro Leagues Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, 2009, pp. 37–67.

Washington, Chester L. “Sportively Speaking: The East-West League Opens.” The Pittsburgh Courier, 14 May 1932, p. A5.

“Who’ll Be Members of Proposed BaseBall League? Moguls Ask: Pittsburgh Crawfords Think Team Has Been Ignored from Consideration of Prospective Members.” Afro-American, 26 Dec. 1931, p. 15.